Group Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Management - Essay Example Since, group composition is an independent factor and organizations chose groups randomly, often there are conflicts among these groups. Many management groups have cited that these conflicts occur because people working in these groups have different motives, personalities, perceptions and motivations. This theory has been promulgated from the fact that no two people are alike and every human mind is different from other. In this essay, we are going to examine this claim by looking at how different personalities, perception and motivations can affect group working. Let's first look at the role of perception and how does it affect an individual's behavior in a group. Perception can be defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. There are many theories that tell us how are perception works and affects our behavior in a group. According to attribution theory, our perception of people differs from our perception of inanimate objects. We judge people by their actions and by determining the root cause of their actions. The theory assumes that people think that actions are caused either internally or externally, depending on consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of these actions. This attribution theory affects a person's behavior in a group. For example, he might perceive that people in his group are lazy because they have cancelled a meeting. This might not be the case because there might be some important emergency that have forced them to cancel a m eeting. Thus, this leads to a fundamental attribution error and affects a person's group behavior. His actions towards them might become as if they are "lazy" and does not like work. However, if a person considers that they have cancelled a meeting due to some external factor, his behavior will be different. This is how perception plays an important role in the behavior of a person while working in a group. Similarly, fundamental attribution error will also occur when person will attach the group's success due to his own efforts, while he will consider that failures have occurred because of other group members. This will make him act unjustly to other group members and he may become rude which will affect the behavior of the entire group. As discussed above, Halo effect might also affect a person's behavior in group working. If someone in the group has done something wrong and he always get the stick for that things and not the praise for so many excellent contributions he had made for the group. In this case, person's behavior in a group will be negative because he will always think that no matter whatever he does he will always be remembered for one mistake(s) he made. Similarly, people also use shortcuts in judging others and selective perception is the prime example of this. If someone has done something wrong then he won't be given an important task again, as people will perceive t hat he will again mess it up. This is how people's behavior might get affected in group work because biased perceptions of others. Similarly, many perceptions about people's behavior in a group are made by contrast affect, projection and stereotyping. If there are two strong members in a group then it will be perceived that the third member will be a weaker member. However, this may not be true as

Desktop Publishing - skating brochure Essay Example for Free

Desktop Publishing skating brochure Essay The Manager a new skate park in Preston Mr. Daniels (Preston Skate Park) has asked me to produce a brochure for the new release of the park to attract as much publicity as possible to hand out around Preston this will include prices, opening hours and information about the park e. g. location. Before this idea he used to just put a few posters up displaying the information. To produce this poster the manger used to just design the posters by hand and photocopy them. This is one manual way of designing the poster the new way will look better\professional and will be a lot easier to produce. There are a number of possible methods of solving this problem. I could use page plus, Coral Draw, Paint or Microsoft Publisher these are all very good desktop publishing programs. I could use Microsoft Paint but there is no word art/ Clip art and other very useful features it is also very difficult to edit when it is there and is just not very easy to use. The only quick and simple solution would be to use a desktop publishing like Microsoft Publisher because this is the only one the school has and most of my work will be done there. The manager of Preston Skate Park wants the following to appear the brochure: The brochure should attract more attention by have lots of different colours   Information on the opening times and costs per hour   Reviews of the top skaters that have visited the park.   Their text should be clear for people to read.   The brochure should look as professional as possible   It should include pictures of the park All of these can be done very easily in Microsoft Publisher and use from a program such as paint to customize the pictures. All so I may use internet explorer (web browser) to gather more information and pictures. I will also be using camera\scanner to get picture of the skaters. Analyse I have decided to use Microsoft Publisher to solve the problem that the manager of Preston Skate Park. This will allow me to solve all of the problems set in the identify section. Other software and hardware that I will include: Software Reason Paint Shop Pro To alter some of the images downloaded from the net, taken from clipart, to alter photographs and create my own camera software To transfer the images from the camera onto disk Internet Explorer The internet browser that I will use @ school/home to get information on the show and collect various images. Scanner Software To scan images of skaters Hardware Reason Fuji Finepix 2600 To take pictures of the console and pads Canon CanoScan To scan images from magazines HP DeskJet 1220PS To print the images so that the manager of eclipse can check the layout Input I will be collecting information from a number of sources. This includes: Getting all the information that the manager knows about the park. Meeting the skaters of the park asking them what they think. Pictures of the Skate Park from the Internet, camera and scanner. Processing The thing I may have to do to my project Front Size/Style of writhing (easy to read)   Front colour is adjusted so it stands out against the background   Keep the text the same size/font all the way through to make it look more professional   Make background as interesting and as eye-catching as possible   The digital pictures will need processing (Either by using paint shop pro to adjust the colours or the cropping tool in Publisher) Crop all images used to size needed Output The main output will be a 4-side brochure. I will print out an example of the brochure for the manager to check. Backup/Security. Since the majority of the work will be done at school where the work will be saved on the school network. This means that the work will be backed up every night. During a lesson I will save my work regularly just in case the power fails or if theres a problem with the computer. Once the presentation has been installed, the computer that runs the program is locked away so that no one can alter the programme. At the skate park I doubt the computers will all be linked up to a main server like at school. So to ensure the data is safe they will have to be regally backed up to cdrw/dvdrw or zip drive to ensure the data is safe.

african american Essay -- essays research papers

Chapter 4 Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle For Independence, 1763- 1783   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rising Expectation of the African Americans and the struggle for Independence was a great thing for blacks they started rise up over slavery, they made a big impact in the wars, and they got the Declaration of Independence from Thomas Jefferson. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Crisis of the British Empire 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great struggle. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two empires Great Britain and France. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The independence movement and the rising of hope for black’s freedom. 4) In 1689, the British and French fought in many wars. A) Europe B) India C) North America D) Africa E) Caribbean Sea 5) The great conflict escaladed during the French and Indian War. A) It started in North America in 1754. B) It spread in 1755 to Europe. C) In 1755 the French and their Indian allies defeated Virginian and British troops. D) Not until 1758 did the Britain undertake a vigorous and expensive military effort. E) In 1763 Britain had forced France to withdraw from North America. F) Spain received New Orleans and the huge French province of Louisiana in central North America. 6) France and Spain, the eastern woodlands Indians could no longer resist white encroachment. A) Florida swamps still remained a refuge for escaping slavery. B) The bonds weakened between the thirteen colonies. 7) The British officials made Americans pay taxes. A) For the costs empire. 8) England was entirely reasonable that the government should start taxes. A) Trading goods with whom they pleased. B) Paying taxes to only locals. 9) In the 17 60 Parliament repeatedly passed laws that Americans didn’t like. A) The Proclamation Line of 1763. B) The Sugar Act of 1764. C) The Stamp Act of 1765. 10) In New York City in October 1765 the Stamp Act took steps toward united resistance. A) The import of British goods. B) In 1766 Parliament repeal the Stamp Act. C) In 1767 it forced the New York Assembly to provide quarters. D) British troops enacted the Townshend Act. E) They taxed such things as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. 11) In 1770 the Boston Massacre. 12) May 1773 when Parliament passed the Tea Act. A) The act gave the British East India Company a monopoly over all tea sold in American col... ...p;  Ã‚  On July 1775 Washington’s policy to the contrary happened. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Revolutionary War to its conclusion. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bunker Hill on June 1775 was a bloody battle. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peter Salem who gained freedom in returned for his military at Lexington and Concord. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prince Hall became a prominent black leader. 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dunmore’s use of African-American made his army strong. 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He succeeded with Negroes faster. VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Revolutionary and Emancipation. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African Americans risked there live for the Patriots. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1770’s most of these legislatures were debating. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The North was the most powerful at this time. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Chesapeake is where some of these forces operated. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Quakers families were engaged in international business. 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjamin Lay a former slave holder moved to Quaker to dominated the colony.

Positivism Vs. Classicism

In this essay, Classical and Positivist theories of criminology will be explored and critically discussed to explore the impacts that they have had on modern day policing, introduction of laws, and police practice. The essay will first look at the history of the Classical Theory looking at Beccaria and Benthams classical school of criminology and its effects in a brief section. Positivist theorists will then be identified and the theory will be discussed, outlining the main thesis and beliefs of both of the theories.How each theory defines a criminal will then be taken into consideration and the relations of theories like the broken windows theory (Wilson and Kelling 82), labelling theory (Becker 1982), strain theory (Merton 1957) and rational choice theory (Homos 1961) will be used throughout the essay to explore the effects that the classical and positivist theories have had on police concepts like public order policing and community policing, touching on criminal justice systems a nd modern day police practice.Classical Criminological though can be traced to the criminal justice system and the penal system. Beccarias 1764 Publication on crime and punishments introduced a serious consideration into the harm caused to society by crime, and ideological outline of the basis for punishments and the relationship between the state and the offender (Beccaria 2003). Beccaria Stated in his approach to the prevention of crime that it is often distilled down to three ideas, and that it is fundamentally a product of Certainty; how likely punishment is to occur.Celerity; How quickly punishment is inflicted. and Severity; how much pain is inflicted (Newburn 2007). Another later criminologist; Jeremy Bentham, then published writings on the penology and notions of â€Å"rational free-willed character of offenders† (Maguire et al 2002) and forwarded the study of crime in that the central concerns of free will and rational choice came together to attempt a more logical a nalysis of crime and suitable punishment.In the twilight years of the 19th century the emergence of the Italian school of criminology sparked a departure in thinking on the study of crime the schools founding member Cesare Lombroso introduced a holy bible of sorts into the criminological world in that he contributed to the introduction of scientific methodology in regard to the study of crime. Lombroso most notably introduced a biological positivism into the study of crime.An â€Å"Atavistic Heredity† (Lombroso 1911) in relation to the cause of offending where physical features were viewed as evidence of an innately criminal nature in a kind of criminal anthropology. His work was then continued and elaborated by two other Italian scholars Ferri (1856-1929) and Garofalo (1852-1934) (Newburn 2007). Ferri and Garofalo elaborated on the environmental factors that can also effect criminal behaviour in relation to positivist criminology. Positivism carries the main assumptions that the methods of the natural sciences should and could be applied to the social world.Suggesting natural sciences should be used as the method base to analyse and conduct research in relation to policing and policing concepts. Positivists believe that research should consist of social knowledge and scientific knowledge through observation and scientific data. Facts must be separated from values and usually, there is a preference for a use of quantitative data over qualitative (adapted from Bottoms 2000, cited in Newburn 2007). in 1913 Positivist theorist Charles Goring published a book called The English Convict.This book logged the study he undertook which took place over 13 years, the study involved examining 3,000 British convicts against a controlled group of non-convict males to try and find out if the criminal could be categorised to a certain type of person, no significant physical differences were found between the two groups. (Goring 1913) Critical of this study and convince d that the criminal is organically inferior (Quoted in Brown et al 2004) Earnest Hooton conducted his own research into the criminal as a certain type of person and introduced Somatyping into positivist criminology.Somatyping involves the belief that evolution was dominated by superior types, arguing that a criminal had a certain type and evolution could eventually eradicate the criminal. Hooton was criticised for having poor data and an unrepresentative control group. However Hooton's work then sparked this idea in the Positivist Criminology theorists as William Sheldon then looked into Somatypes further in 1949 (Newburn 2007) and concluded that there were three types of body a person has; Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph.These body types were basically short and fat, Large and muscular and Lean and fragile. Sheldon argued that each of these body types was related to particular personality traits and that all individuals possessed varied traits however certain traits were more pr edominant than others. In modern day policing and criminology we use a theory called the labelling theory. This theory was first put forward by Howard Becker in 1963, Becker claimed that criminal elements are associated with physical appearance and the criminal becomes a label attached to a certain type of person.In 2011 it was common belief that a criminal wore a certain type of clothing which was a hooded jacket or ‘Hoodie'. Articles were even published in the newspapers like the Guardian (Guardian 2011) under title â€Å"The power of the Hoodie†. Amplified by the media this piece of clothing became an instant link to criminal behaviour and deviance. Positivist theory can be linked in here with the labelling theory to show the development in the idea of a ‘Criminal type' and show how in modern day policing we are using these theories to determine and define the word criminal.Following the work of Emile Durkheim, Robert K Merton's Strain theory (1957) can also be linked into this concept as the positivist belief is that criminal behaviour can be encouraged by social physical and biological elements, the strain theory thesis is that pressure from social surroundings can encourage an individual to commit crime. If an individual is singled out by Somatype or through labelling theory, they may feel social strain or believe that they should become deviant which could actually pressure said individual into committing criminal acts.An example of where this kind of concept was familiar was when the London riots happened in 2011. Classical criminology however argues against the concept of a criminal being defined by a certain type. Bentham stated that every person has free will and is able to make a rational choice based on the situation they are in at the time and what they feel would be the appropriate action to take. Classicism disagrees with the positivist view of a criminal only being a certain type of person and believes that the criminal deri ves from within any person.Everybody has free will, and the ability to make an informed decision on their actions in any situation they may be in, therefore believing that the criminal is an element every person has the possibility to exploit instead of positivist theory of the criminal element being biologically woven into a persons DNA. Classicism had a major effect on the criminal justice system and penology, punishments were believed to be best given on account of the appropriateness of the crime in question. This idea became the basis for our criminal justice systems today.With the introduction of the classical school of criminology the use of capital punishment and torture was on the decline and in their place the introduction of prison systems as core elements of the justice systems and punishment systems we have today. The abolishment of capital punishment has had an indescribably huge effect on our modern penal systems, the effects are vast however include the introduction of fundamental law like the Human Rights Act (HRA 1998). Acts like this are incredibly important in criminal trials and allow every person to have rights to things like the right to a fair trial and the right to prohibition of torture.Classical criminology influenced these modern day laws as its theorists believed in the concept that the punishment for crime should be based on the scale of what has been done and should be appropriate to the crime itself. Classical Criminology has influenced the constructions of our prison systems as becoming the core element of the way we punish criminals instead of using inhumane methods through capital punishment by considering the scale of the crime and deciding on an appropriate sentence for the criminal.Here another theory can be looked at which has been shaped by the classicism theories and beliefs. This theory is the Rational Choice theory (Homas 1961). the theory is based around the assumptions that criminal activity is committed by an indiv idual after weighed up the risk and reward of an action, if the person believes that the reward is greater than the risk they may be more likely to commit a crime than if the risk was greater than the reward. This theory is supportive of Benthams notes of free will and rational choice.Free will and rational choice can be used to help explain the way we police through public order. In a public order policing situation, like a protest or a riot every person who attends and participates does so out of their own free will, a protester may not riot because they may believe that the risk of being arrested is greater than the reward of violently voicing their opinions. However positivism argues that a criminal is a definitive type of person and can be influenced by social physical or biological surroundings. These assumptions can be seen in the cases of rioting and community crime.The London riots happened in 2011 and they escalated throughout the country with riots happening in places lik e Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester as well as other locations. The reasons that these sparked off is because of the social influence that was pressuring younger people to join in, here the broken windows theory (Wilson and Kelling 82), labelling theory (Becker 1982), strain theory (Merton 1957) and rational choice theory (Homos 1961) can all be related through classicism and positivist views to our modern day policing methods.Broken windows theory states that a run down or derelict area can encourage crime, this relates to the positivist assumption of criminal behaviour being encouraged by the physical surroundings and the evidence of this happening in the London Riots is when all the shops had been broken into and fires had been started. The streets were wrecked and this would have encouraged acts of violence.Merton's strain theory and Beckers labelling theory are also applicable here as the social strain of most young youths committing the crime would encourage more young peop le to commit crime, because the individuals could see crimes being committed around them without any action being taken, this would have further encouraged deviance as rational choice theory says the risk is lower than reward. These positivist based theories meant police in the London riots and most public order situations would target younger individuals to try and find criminal activity and arrests.The Classicism side of influence on Public Order would then come after the arrest in trial where they would be questioned why they had committed these crimes out of their own free will and then put through the justice system, being sentenced on the classical assumption that the punishment should be appropriate to the crime committed. Positivist assumptions can also be linked into the concept of community policing. Positivists believe that crime and criminal behaviour can be influenced through social and physical surroundings.Wilson and Kelling (1982) also believe this is the case as the ir broken windows theory looks at how the area a person lives in can affect their attitude towards crime and committing crime. Through the Classicism belief of community deterrence police practices have been introduced to arm the police with powers that they can use to their advantage against the war on crime. The Police and Criminal Evidence act (1984) and The Police Reform Act (2002) has seen the introduction of new police powers and a new national policing plan.These police practices include powers like stop and search. Stop and search gives the ability for any police constable to stop any citizen and search them if they believe they have reasonable grounds to do so. Classicism and Positivist theories have also had an effect on the way that we police our communities. PCSOs (police community support officers) were introduced in 2002 under the police reform act (2002) and help to improve community relations with the police.This police practice supports the positivist beliefs that c riminals can be influenced through social and physical surroundings as better relationships are built with the community and things like team projects are created to improve derelict areas and social situations people may find themselves in by offering things like youth clubs and activities. This deters crime by drawing people away from delinquency and encouraging them to take part in constructive, positive activity.Theorist David Matza outlined that the positivist theory drew on three sets of problematic assumptions; the first being Differentiation; the assumption that offenders can be separated from non-offenders by definitive characteristics, the second being Determinism; the assumption that biological, physiological or social factors affect the criminal and criminal behaviour and the third being Pathology; the assumption that an offender is an offender due to something going wrong in their lifetime (Tierney 1996).The problems of these views are that the fail to take into account the aspect of rationality, choice and human decision making. They define a criminal as a certain person, and if a person falls into the category of what has been defined by the positivist theory as a criminal it means that they must carry the traits of a criminal which is simply not true as proven by Charles Gorings work (1913). Classicism theory argues rational choice and free will, however what if a person has the impaired ability to make decisions and acts without being rational.Power and wealth is also a problem with the theory, if the classicism theory applied to all in the same sense then why is it that people who have less power and wealth tend to be the more predominant resident of the criminal justice system and not the wealthy. there are other factors that both these theories have not taken into consideration throughout their thesis, they are also very much at opposite ends of the scale.The positivist theory says that criminals are a type of person and the classicism theo ry says that a criminal offence can be committed by anybody as well all have free will and rational choice. Without the Classical school of Criminology and The positivist theorists vital procedure and acts would not have been put into place that are fundamental today for the way our society and criminal justice system operates. Classicism changed the way we sentence criminals and the construct of our prison systems which are of prestigious importance to the modern justice system.Positivist theory has influenced the way we police in terms of public order and community policing through the introduction of the Human Rights Act (1998), the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) and the Police Reform Act (2002). These acts have allowed the modern day police to be able to take the best assumptions from the classicism theorists and the best assumptions from the positivists and use them to create a criminal justice system that incorporates the best of each theory into the police practices and concepts that are used from day to day in modern day policing.

Disabilites: Curses or Blessings?

Imagine living an entire, dreadful life where every item in every single glare was black and white. Or every sprint a person takes leaves the individual breathless. Or picture an innocent, young child who cannot talk or utilize other major abilities like most of the other kids can. These are just few of the many possible scenarios anyone in the U. S. , or even the rest of the world, can have. These scenarios so to speak are disabilities. According to (http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/disabilities) a disability is a physical or mental handicap, especially one that prevents a person from living a full, normal life.Disabilities are indeed categorized as being either physical or mental handicaps, and can range from color blindness and asthma to forms of learning disabilities. Also, disabilities can occur at any stage of an individual’s life. The person can be born with the disability, or can retrieve at later age of their life. Whether the age is 16 or 80, a person can obt ain a disability at the most unexpected time of their life. For example, autism is a type of mental disability that a person is generally born with. In fact, autism affects 1 in every 110 kids and is currently the #1 growing disease in America (http://www. utismspeaks. org/what-autism/faq). Additionally, autism affects more people than cancer, HIV, and diabetes combined (http://www. autismspeaks. org/what-autism/faq). However, many people can attain a type of disability throughout their life like arthritis, which is a chronic, as well as, inflammatory disease that affects a human’s bones/discs, and can lead to multiple symptoms (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/arthritis/. Yet, despite the endless negative effects of physical, mental, and even developmental disabilities on Americans, these curses have actually been blessings in disguise throughout American history.Many Americans, like presidents or inventors, have positively impacted our country and even left legacies within history. Yet, almost all of these legends had a type of disability. So, perhaps more people have disabilities than most Americans presumed. Maybe disabilities affect so many Americans that these â€Å"special† people within society aren’t so special or different after all. These people may even be something that defies the dictionary’s definition of a disability, normal. There are three categories of disabilities, yet the physical category has the most disabilities, as well as, the most varying.Any issues relating to sight, hearing, chronic functions, or mobility are forms of physical disabilities. For instance, blindness, which is loss of vision/color due to mutations in a gene that produces a protein required by the retina (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/disabilities/), is the most common physical disability relating to the human’s sense of sight. Nevertheless, famous Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman, who rescued hundreds of slaves from t orture in South and lead to freedom in the North, developed blindness due to a severe head injury from a cruel slave owner (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-blind. shtml). But that didn’t stop Tubman from giving liberty to all of her fellow slaves. Another inspiring, American woman that developed blindness, and even hearing impairment, at a rather younger age is Helen Keller. Though Helen Keller had to live her entire life with 2 of the 5 major human senses not functioning, she would still graduate college and morph into a world-famous speaker and author. Keller is remembered as being an advocate or supporter of people with disabilities (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-blind. shtml).Speaking of people with hearing impairments, another brilliant American with that particular disability is the famous inventor Thomas Edison. Regardless of the deafness he attributed from scarlet fever during childhood, as well as, the other disabilities h e obtained like asperser syndrome and dyslexia, Edison still managed to greatly aid America with the simple invention of a light bulb and the phonograph (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-deaf. shtml). If being blind or deaf was bad enough, just imagine being able to walk one day and then the next day unable to control the many muscles of the human body.Mobility disabilities like arthritis, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and even stroke are just some of many examples of disabilities that a human can acquire at any moment of their precious life. Even with paralysis, another mobility disability that a medical condition where a person loses all the control over his/her muscles, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) still managed to serve at the 32nd President of the U. S. for a record-holding 4 terms. Being paralyzed from the waist down, FDR executed multiple treatments like UV lights, massages, and mineral baths.He con sulted a number of other physicians and therapists in a vain effort to revitalize his muscles, but no success came. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-polio. shtml). However, FDR was successful in â€Å"walking† in front of Congress, as well as, the entire world in producing one of his most famous speeches. The last form of a physical disability a human can encounter is chronic illnesses like chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or even Club Feet like what the famous founder of the Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens got hold of.Stevens suffered many hardships in his childhood including club feet, a birth defect in which the foot is twisted in and down, and without treatment, afflicts a person to walk on their ankles. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-clubfoot. shtml). Another popular disease, that successful presidents like John F. Kennedy, Woodrow, and Teddy Roosevelt suffered from, was asthma, which is a chronic co ndition involving the respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts, becomes inflamed (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/asthma-famous. shtml). Yet, this didn’t prevent any of these admirable men from completing the challenging duty of serving as the President of the United States. The other 2 categories of disabilities are mental and developmental disabilities. These classes of disabilities do not contain as many, or varying diseases as the physical category, but possesses unique effects and information for scientists to use in discovering a remedy in the challenging world of medicine.Mental disabilities like Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety disorder, memory loss, phobias, and hell even schizophrenia offer more mysterious and unexplainable effects to a human than most physical diseases do like possessing memory loss, or obsessive behavior, or even specific fears to things like snakes or heights. Though most Americans most likely know those dis eases, what these Americans probably don’t know is that one of the greatest presidents in American history, Abraham Lincoln, suffered from a mood/bipolar disorder, which is a condition where the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate. Depression/unipolar depression and ipolar disorder are two major types of mood disorder. According to many historians, the Emancipation Proclamation creator suffered from depression. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/mooddisorders-famous. shtml) But, this did not stop Lincoln from aiding to free slaves in the South and even playing a major role in uniting the Union and the Confederacy during and after the Civil War. If possessing multiple abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality like a Schizophrenic or containing constant anxiety that stresses a person to an overwhelming rate like a person with an anxiety disorder (http://www. uzzle. com/articles/) was not mind-bottling enough, people should observe the developmental disabilities. Most developmental disabilities are complex learning disabilities like ADD/ADHD, down syndrome, or autism that almost all of these victims are born with due to unfortunate genetics. For instance, asperser syndrome, which has symptoms like being reluctance to listen or difficulty understanding social situations, etc, is another learning disability that is caused mainly by genetics.Therefore, many legendary American presidents or congressmen like Abraham Lincoln, Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were diagnosed with Asperser’s. Even famous American inventors like Alex Graham Bell, who invented the telephone, Henry Ford, who created Ford cars, and Thomas Edison had Asperser syndrome. Additionally, Thomas Edison, as well as, Woodrow Wilson possessed dyslexia, which is a specific learning disability that manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language, particularly with reading and spelling (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/article_2130. shtml#ixzz1jOL7TeXN ). Many Americans, at some point in their life, can dream of being the president of the United States. Or many American can imagine inventing an item almost as useful as a time machine, or even impact America so immensely that their name will forever be echoed in history. But, almost all of American didn’t dream of accomplishing these great deeds in a wheelchair, or with vision and/or hearing impairments, or even with a severe learning disability.Yet, many historical Americans ranging from Abraham Lincoln and FDR to Thomas Edison and Helen Keller maybe dreamed or didn’t dream of making such impacts on our country. Nevertheless, these legends achieved all these tasks with disabilities under their belt. Perhaps disabled Americans won’t achieve such monumental tasks, or have their name repeated in the history books. Perhaps disabled Americans will never live what some people consider â€Å"a normal life†. But, maybe there are more Americans with physical, mental, and developmental disabilities than most people presume.Maybe since there were so many disabled Americans that accomplished so much throughout history, as well as, in our country today that disabled people could be considered. Or perhaps most disabled Americans won’t live an ordinary life. These Americans could live an extraordinary life. Works Cited â€Å"Disabilities | Define Disabilities at Dictionary. com. † Dictionary. com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary. com. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions | Autism Speaks. † Autism Speaks |. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Arthritis | Buzzle. com. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"List of Disabilities and Disability Facts | Buzzle. com. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous Blind and Vision Impaired Persons. † Dis abled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous Well Known People with Hearing Impairments and Deafness. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People Who Had and Have Polio. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Club Feet or Foot. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Asthma. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Mood Disorders. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan.

Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Essays

Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Essays Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Paper Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Paper Plant and animal cells are made up of a cell membrane. The plant cells have the cell membrane line in the inside of the cell wall. The cell wall provides the turgidity to the cell. The cell wall is dead and allows all substances to pass freely through it whereas the cell membrane is alive and selective. This is the case also for the cell membrane of the animal cells. The only difference is however that the cell membrane is the only layer around the cell unlike the cell wall that is part of the plant cells. The cell membrane is alive and selective as we know. This means that it is semi-permeable. This is called a semi permeable membrane. Semi permeable means that it is a layer or a surface that allows only certain particles to pass through but not any others. A completely permeable membrane means that it is a membrane that allows any particles to pass through like is the case for the dead cell wall. This cell membrane is a thin layer of cytoplasm and allows the cell to control the products that come through and go out. For example the cell membrane allows only substances like water, glucose and water are allowed to enter and waste products are removed. However the other way round is not possible because the membrane does not allow the wastes to enter and the vital particles to exit. The membrane is very important to organisms. The movement of gas molecules is called diffusion. The diffusion of other substances such as liquids across a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis. The process of osmosis will be studied in detail here. There is another type of movement and it is called active transport. To understand both of these it is important to know what the concentration gradient is. It is also called diffusion gradient because it also applies to gases. Diffusion or concentration gradient shows the molecules or the particles as from less concentrated to more concentrate. This is demonstrated below. A- higher concentration B- molecules moving C- Less concentration From this diagram we can see that there are more molecules on the left and the molecules are moving from section A through the section B and moves to C where there are fewer molecules. This way we can see that the molecules are diffusing through the empty space. The arrow points towards the diffusion gradient. For the active transport it will be the other way which shows it is against the concentration gradient. This shows the movement of particles for gases. The difference for osmosis is that in osmosis there is a semi permeable membrane. This semi permeable membrane has tiny pores that allow only certain products to pass through. Active transport is different from osmosis because osmosis is according to the concentration gradient and active transport is against the concentration gradient. Factors of osmosis Osmosis depends on the concentration and the temperature of the surroundings in which it takes place. The concentration of the solution is very important because then it will be according to the number of molecules in the water. If we take a sugar solution we know that there is sugar dissolved in it but also it is important to know what is the concentration of the solution. The higher the concentration, the more the amount of sugar molecules and so the amount of water is less. Therefore the amount of water that moves towards it will be more. If we take the above diagram and we place the semi permeable membrane in the middle or have a semi permeable membrane full of the solution we will see this change. This is demonstrated below. For the sake of simplicity, the water molecule has been shown as small and monoatomic where its actual formula is H20 and the sugar molecule is also shown bigger so that it is easier to distinguish and its actual formula is C6H12O6. As we can see form the above diagram that the reason that the sugar molecule cannot pass through is that it is too big to fit through the pore. Even if the gap is large enough the sugar molecule passes though very slowly. The arrows in between show the movement of the particles. As we can see that the reason that the water molecules are moving is that there are less water molecules on the left and so the solution is concentrated and the solution on the right is dilute. The solution on the left is more concentrated because the sugar molecules are now hydrated and so have stopped the water molecules from moving freely and thus there are less water molecules present in the solution. This is usually called water of crystallisation. So we can define osmosis as the movement of water molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. As we will observe the level of water on the right will decrease and the level of water on the left increases until both will be the same. So they will be in balance and proportion. In plants the following occurs so that the plants may take in fresh water and if seawater were added the reverse would happen, the cells would lose water. This we will see later. Osmosis can take place in any solution, whether it is a salt solution or even a sugar solution. The water potential is the measure of whether the solution is likely to gain or lose water and by how much. So it is concluded that pure water has the highest water potential because it has the highest number of free molecules and can diffuse from one solution to the other no matter how concentrated or dilute it may be. This again repeats the fact that the water moves from a high potential to a low potential. Once again it is important that the substance that is added to the water is soluble in water. Osmosis is also used industrially, mainly in the process of agriculture. Sometimes in industry, quite different from agriculture, osmosis may also be used. In this case the tubing would be made of cellulose acetate in sheets or tubes used for dialysis. The size of the pores can be adjusted according to the size of the molecules or the particles of the substances and used accordingly for different purposes. In an animal cell the water is taken by osmosis. The cell swells up and can burst if the extra water is not removed. The tissue fluid does this. The tissue fluid has the same concentration as the cell and so the substances or rather water can pass freely between the cell and the tissue fluid. As we can see form the above representation the cell has expanded and will burst if it does not lose the extra water. That is why the tissue fluid plays an important part. The solution outside is called the hypotonic solution because it has a low concentration of the solute compared to the solution in the inside, which is called the hypertonic solution. As for the solutions between the cytoplasm and the tissue fluid have the same concentration so that they can freely exchange. These solutions are called isotonic solutions. For the plant cells, too the same thing happens. But when the above change takes place, the cells are now turgid and this property is usually used to check the end of the osmosis in experiments and the cells that have lost water by osmosis until they are flaccid, which means that they have wilted or a starting to wilt. This is important for us to know because we will be experimenting about the plant cells when we investigate osmosis. Plant Cells Plant Cells have vacuoles. This makes all the difference to the turgidity. When the plant cell is surrounded by dilute solution then the water will enter the vacuole and enlarge it. The vacuole will become larger and also push against the sides of the cytoplasm. This will stretch the cell. This will happen till a limit because there is the cell wall that does not allow the cell to expand too much. This means that the cell is turgid and is exerting turgor pressure on the walls of the cell. When the water content in the vacuole decreases either due to lack of water or the loss of water due to transpiration, the cells become flaccid. The vacuole becomes smaller. The cells are said to be plasmolysed. The vacuoles have pulled the cytoplasm away from the cell walls and thus allowed the cells to become smaller. As we have already discussed the temperature is an important factor in osmosis. As the temperature increases the rate of osmosis also increase. This is because the when the temperature increases the water molecules move faster from one solution to the other. As we proceed to the experiment, we will see that what other factors are to be kept constant and what changes occur during the procedure of the experiment. Osmosis is important in nature. Osmosis is important in every living creature because it controls the distribution of water and nutrients. Osmosis occurs only when there is a semi permeable membrane so it keeps waste products out of the cell and provides the cell with the substances required in appropriate amounts. If there were no osmosis, red blood cells would get filled with water and burst just like a balloon. This is called hemolysis. Salty water can cause the tissues to dehydrate and osmosis may prevent this. This is because it is a salty solution. Osmosis maintains the regularity of concentration in the cells of the living organisms. Even so in plants osmosis helps to maintain the balance of water and the turgidity. Without this plants would wilt and die. The same for humans. If there were too much or too little water in cells, we may also die but osmosis prevents this. In plants this process is partially responsible for drawing water up to the stems where it can be used for respiration. Then again if the water in the soil is salty or has too much fertiliser in it, it can be harmful for the plants because the solution is then hypertonic.

What Is a Five Paragraph Essay

What Is a Five Paragraph Essay Because a five-paragraph essay is a chosen vehicle for measuring a students writing proficiency, it is essential that each master this patterned format writing to score well. What Is a 5 Paragraph Essay? Students at the college or university level are often required to write essays as part of an exam or as a general writing-composition assignment. Unless an assignment calls for a more in-depth composition (persuasive essay, research paper, dissertation), or if a written exam instructs otherwise, more than likely the student is to respond to a question or write on a topic in the form of  a  five-paragraph essay. While many students are taught in high school how to write this particular type of essay, it may seem a foreign concept to others. Students must be able to apply these skills and their knowledge of that material in the form of an essay. An essay of this sort may have them making an argument, or simply conveying information on a given topic, to their instructor or professor. In most instances, whether for an exam or an assignment, instructions will not always specify that the student responds to a question in the form of this particular kind of essay – â€Å"Respond to the following questions in a five-paragraph essay.† Unless students are asked to write longer-type papers, or responses in brief one-paragraph segments in exams, writing a five-paragraph essay may be the safest approach – and it is always beneficial to know the formula for writing one. HOW TO WRITE A 5 PARAGRAPH ESSAY 5 Paragraph Essay Outline An essay can be written in just FIVE paragraphs. Here is a detailed information about a 5 paragraph essay outline. Introduction The first paragraph, the introduction, includes an opening, topical sentence as a way to ease the reader into the essay; secondly, this paragraph states the topic (a text, book, article, or issue, etc.) being examined in an accompanying thesis statement, a single-sentence summary of the argument the student is making in the rest of the paper – the claim the student is making about the topic. If it’s not an argument the student is making, it is best if they view the thesis statement as a declaration or theory that is put forward as a premise for the rest of the paper. Body Paragraphs Often referred to as â€Å"the meat of the essay,† the next three paragraphs support and evidence the thesis statement. Each one usually begins with some kind of transition (first of all, secondly, lastly) and a topic sentence to keep the reader’s focus on the topic at hand – and each one includes very pertinent information and in no particular order: each paragraph needs to restate the thesis but in a different way than it was originally written in the introduction without diluting the original argument. Once again, each of these body paragraphs serves to evidence the thesis – to build a stronger argument for the student making the case of something. Each of these body paragraphs, usually, are to include a quote, or paraphrase, or summary, as well as a commentary on how these points of evidence defend or make a stronger argument. Also known as the body paragraphs, the three paragraphs take on different aspects or elements of a story or topic – whatever is needed to defend the thesis – and always tie into the argument being made. Conclusion The conclusion paragraph restates, in a clever way, the argument first declared in the introductory paragraph and summarizes the most important points that comprised the three body paragraphs. By this time, the student, if they have made a valid argument with this five-paragraph essay, will have convinced the reader (most likely the professor or instructor) that their argument is valid. Again, a 5 paragraph essay format is used to argue a position in a thorough, persuasive manner; and, in some entry-level composition courses, a professor will require their students to submit papers in this genre to build the student’s analytical and writing skills and to demonstrate their understanding of a given topic. If you are going to write a five-paragraph essay and would like to receive quality academic guidance and assistance, we are happy to help. We have experts in writing all kinds of essay types and guarantee you a  quality of service. Rest assured: your paper will be properly written and formatted, will contain only recent research data and will be fully original. We guarantee you total customer satisfaction to inform the details of your assignment, place an order.

100 Most Important Women in World History

100 Most Important Women in World History From time to time, people publish lists of top 100 of women in history. As I think about who Id put into my own Top 100 list of women important to world history, the women in the list below would at least make it to my first draft list. Womens Rights European and British Olympe de Gouges: in the French Revolution, declared that women were equal to menMary Wollstonecraft: British author and philosopher, mother of modern feminismHarriet Martineau: wrote about politics, economics, religion, philosophyEmmeline Pankhurst: key British woman suffrage radical; Founder, Womens Social and Political Union, 1903Simone de Beauvoir: 20th-century feminist theorist Americans Judith Sargent Murray: American writer who wrote early feminist essayMargaret Fuller: Transcendentalist writerElizabeth Cady Stanton: womens rights and woman suffrage theorist and activistSusan B. Anthony: womens rights and woman suffrage spokesperson and leaderLucy Stone: abolitionist, womens rights advocateAlice Paul: a primary organizer for the last winning years of womens suffrageCarrie Chapman Catt: a longtime organizer for woman suffrage, organized international suffrage leadersBetty Friedan: feminist whose book helped launch the so-called second waveGloria Steinem: theorist and writer whose Ms. Magazine helped shape the second wave Heads of State Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance Hatshepsut: Pharaoh of Egypt who took male powers for herselfCleopatra of Egypt: last pharaoh of Egypt, active in Roman politicsGalla Placidia: Roman Empress and regentBoudicca (or Boadicea): warrior queen of the CeltsTheodora, Empress of Byzantium, married to JustinianIsabella I of Castile and Aragon, ruler of Spain who, as a partner ruler with her husband,  drove the Moors from Granada, expelled unconverted Jews from Spain, sponsored Christopher Columbus voyage to the New World, established the InquisitionElizabeth I of England, whose long rule was honored by calling that time period the Elizabethan Age Modern Catherine the Great of Russia: expanded Russias borders and promoted westernization and modernizationChristina of Sweden: patron of art and philosophy, abdicated on conversion to Roman CatholicismQueen Victoria: another influential queen for whom a whole age is namedCixi (Tzu-hsi or Hsiao-chin), last Dowager Empress of China, wielding enormous power as she opposed foreign influence and ruled strongly internallyIndira Gandhi: Prime Minister of India, also the daughter, mother, and mother-in-law of other Indian politiciansGolda Meir: Prime Minister of Israel during Yom Kippur WarMargaret Thatcher: British prime minister who dismantled social servicesCorazon Aquino: President of Philippines, reform political candidate More Politics Asian Sarojini Naidu: poet and political activist, the first Indian woman president of the Indian National Congress European and British Joan of Arc: legendary saint and martyrMadame de Stael: intellectual and salonist American Barbara Jordan: first Southern African American woman elected to CongressMargaret Chase Smith: Republican Senator from Maine, the first woman elected to both the House and the Senate, first woman to have her name placed in nomination at a Republican party conventionEleanor Roosevelt: wife and widow of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his eyes and ears as president hampered by polio, and a human rights activist in her own right Religion European and British Hildegard of Bingen: abbess, mystic and visionary, composer of music and writer of books on many secular and religious topicsPrincess Olga of Kiev: her marriage was the occasion of the conversion of Kiev (to become Russia) to Christianity, considered the first saint of the Russian Orthodox ChurchJeanne dAlbret  (Jeanne of Navarre): Huguenot Protestant leader in France, ruler of Navarre, mother of Henry IV American Mary Baker Eddy: founder of Christian Science, author of key scriptures of that faith, founder of The Christian Science Monitor Inventors and Scientists Hypatia: philosopher, mathematician, and martyred by the Christian churchSophie Germain: mathematician whose work is still used in the construction of skyscrapersAda Lovelace: pioneer in mathematics, created the concept of an operating system or softwareMarie Curie: mother of modern physics, two-time Nobel Prize winnerMadam C. J. Walker: inventor, entrepreneur, millionaire, philanthropistMargaret Mead: anthropologistJane Goodall: primatologist and researcher, worked with chimpanzees in Africa Medicine and Nursing Trota or Trotula: a medieval medical writer (probably)Florence Nightingale: nurse, reformer, helped establish standards for nursingDorothea Dix: advocate for the mentally ill, supervisor of nurses in the U.S. Civil WarClara Barton: founder of the Red Cross, organized nursing services in the U.S. Civil WarElizabeth Blackwell: first  woman to graduate from medical school (M.D.) and a pioneer in educating women in medicine  Elizabeth Garrett Anderson:  first woman to successfully complete the medical qualifying exams in Great Britain; first woman physician in Great Britain; advocate of womens suffrage and womens opportunities in higher education; first woman in England elected as mayor Social Reform Americans Jane Addams: founder of Hull-House and of the social work professionFrances Willard: temperance activist, speaker, educatorHarriet Tubman:  fugitive slave, underground railroad conductor, abolitionist, spy, soldier, Civil War, nurseSojourner Truth: black abolitionist who also advocated for woman suffrage and met Abraham Lincoln at the White HouseMary Church Terrell: civil rights leader, founder of National Association of Colored Women, charter NAACP memberIda Wells-Barnett:  anti-lynching crusader, reporter, an early activist for racial justiceRosa Parks:  civil rights activist, especially known for desegregating buses in Montgomery, Alabama More Elizabeth Fry: prison reform, mental asylum reform, reform of convict shipsWangari Maathai: environmentalist, educator Writers Sappho: poet of ancient GreeceAphra Behn: first woman to make a living through writing; dramatist, novelist, translator, and poetLady Murasaki: wrote  whats considered the worlds first novel,  The Tale of GenjiHarriet Martineau: wrote about economics, politics, philosophy, religionJane Austen: wrote popular novels of the Romantic periodCharlotte Bronte: along with her sister Emily, author of key early 19th century novels by womenEmily Dickinson: inventive poet and recluseSelma Lagerlof: first woman to win Nobel Prize for LiteratureToni Morrison:  first African American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1993)Alice Walker:  author of  The Color Purple; Pulitzer Prize; recovered work of Zora Neale Hurston; worked against female circumcision

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Abortion - Essay Example n argue that abortion is performed (especially in pregnancy’s first trimester) when the fetus is incapable of independent existence and so cannot be regarded as a separate entity (thereby giving the mother the right to choose to terminate the pregnancy or carry it to term) (Currie, 98). This group also asserts that teenagers who become mothers (parents) have very grim prospects for the future and that abortion also importantly serves to reduce the crimes that stem from the need to provide for the child (and its mother) (Paley, 221). Moreover, proponents of abortion observe that is medical technology reveals before birth that the child will be deformed or grow up to be sickly, abortion becomes handy in helping alleviate the pain of watching the child labor through a miserable life. However, abortion cannot be validated by such feeble arguments. Life begins at conception, and so abortion is akin to murder, which is punishable by law (Williams, 65). It is also unfair to kill an unborn child simply because life’s odds do not favor the parent(s). If all expectant parents reasoned like this, most of us would not be alive today. Even so, adoption still remains a fair option that gives both the parents and the child a chance at life. It is equally essential to note that rape and poverty are not valid reasons to terminate a pregnancy because abortion only punishes the child who has done absolutely nothing wrong and deserves a chance at life like the rest of us (Tushnet, 124). The problem is not the child (pregnancy) but rape, crime, unemployment, poor economies, and so on. Furthermore, apart from the ageless mental scars obtained from abortion, such procedures can also render one infertile or cause cancers. This is not to mention the billions of women who have died after an abortion gone wrong since time immemorial (Berlatsky, 78). Innately, all persons are capable of realizing the ills of abortion and to rightly reckon that no amount of academic arguments can make it

Nazi germany Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nazi germany - Research Paper Example For instance, top administrators communication was answerable to Hitler and pursued his regulations, but they had some significant autonomy. The state was not a controlled, working jointly organ, but instead an assortment of blocs struggling to accumulate power and get support from Fuhrer. At the center of the Great Depression, the Nazi Government reinstated growth and stop mass joblessness by use of heavy military costs alongside mixed economy of central-scheming, as well as free-market practices. Wide carrying out of public works comprising construction of the Autobahns. The restoration of economy offered the regime substantial popularity; for instance, the restraint of all resistance made Hitler’s power largely unconcealed (Heller 243). Racisms, mostly antisemitism that was practiced were the fundamental precept of the Nazi German. German developed largely vibrant demands on the Jews, claiming declaration of war in case such demands were not fulfilled. Nazi German as a move ment that developed among fuming young scholars in early 1920s. The movement declined the Treaty of Versailles (1919), democracy general, as well as the Weimar republic. This group of young veterans call for the restoration of the Aryan race and accused the Jews for Germany’s challenges. ... ovement, it assured its subject of concrete authoritarian power, radical economic rules, civil peace, raised lebensraum for Germanic citizens, creation of the national society depended on racial cleansing and race through the vibrant Jews suppression. In addition, the Nazis pledged cultural as well as national regeneration depending on the Volkisch organization, suggested rearmament, traditionalism, reclamation, as well as the repudiation of reparations of borders lost to the Treaty of Versailles (Tooze 211). How German descend fast to a dictator state When Hitler was elected in January 1933, German state still enjoyed democratic form of government. Germany always had fair elections where no one had the power to be abused while voting. There were multiple political parties where citizens could choose for themselves which party could deliver and provide them with the desired leadership. On the other hand, to pass a law, the Reichstag had to accept to the new law following the bill goi ng through the common procedure of debate, opinions etc. The members of the Reichstag of 1933 comprised of 50% members who were against the Nazi Party. Thus, it would have been highly impossible for Hitler to make pushed into law what he proposed. Most thought of Hitler as a fall-member politician that may have to take responsibility to blame in case things got worse over his rule. Hitler had assured a general election for March 1933 of which this may have been, within his mind, the best chance for him to demonstrate all politicians who differed with him where the actual loyalties stay among the German citizens. A week prior to election was set to occur, the Reichstag building went up in flames. Hitler quickly claimed that it was the symbol for the communist conquers of the county. Hitler

How does the Christian communal meal arise from Jewish and Greco-Roman Assignment

How does the Christian communal meal arise from Jewish and Greco-Roman conceptions of sacrifice and what makes the Christian sacrificial meal different from its Jewish and Greco-Roman forerunners - Assignment Example The second one the members performed dances, made choirs, sang sacred songs and remained sober until dawn. Another example of Jewish communal meal is the gathering meal where the community rule in the Qumran script provides direction: it says that they will eat and pray in common. Additionally, the eating’s started by blessing the wine and bread while praying involved the discussion and study of law among others. This communal suppers took place daily (Alikin, 16). In Graeco-Roman world cult, associations and mystery cults were effective. They are considered as a subcategory of voluntary associations. The utmost mystery cults were the Mithras cult, sibylline cult at Rome, Eleusis cult and lastly the Serapis and Isis cult. All these cults has one similar thing: their supporters gathered at agreed times with a lavish meal. These common suppers are well indicated, for example, the cults of Serapis and Isis. Supporters of these cults gathered from time to time in temples or houses and sat on couches. This coaches were only set up for ceremonial drinking and eating occasions. In Christians, gatherings were dual. The first one comprised of a meal proper and after the meal a session with various activities like teaching, singing and preaching followed. These activities resembled what happened at feasts in the Graeco-Roman world. Precisely the gatherings of Christians was that some fell into a frenzy: they spoke streams of incoherent and inexplicable sounds. Additionally, other members produced understandable sounds in the form of preaching’s, revelations, teaching, hymns and lastly passing on of knowledge and wisdom. The above oral contributions were offered and bartered in the same assembly as the common meal but took place in the second fold once the meal had been finished. The Christian dual structure of gathering is also similar to the Jewish assembly. This so for because when the meal is over, a person who is

Promotion and Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotion and Place - Essay Example the new outfit that’s all the rage, a purchase that will satisfy our safety needs by providing adequate clothing as well as our belonging needs by identifying us as belonging to a certain group and our esteem needs by providing us with a symbol of our current status in society. Using this theory, advertisers have learned how to capitalize on these needs to maximize their own sales. Examples of these ideas can best be illustrated by taking a look at two purchases made recently and the motivations for selecting the items and brands that were bought. The purchase of a computer might be considered by some to be a luxury purchase because it does not directly address any of Maslow’s needs. It does not feed us, clothe us, provide us with additional security or indicate we belong to any specific group. However, if I wanted to succeed in school, I needed to have a computer on which to do my homework and to help me study. This first purchase was a major purchase because it required me to spend a great deal of my savings on one item and therefore threatened my ability to meet some of my other needs, for instance, whether I would have enough money left over for groceries for the rest of the semester. That a computer was required for the successful completion of my academic career was, in part, the fulfillment of my safety needs because it will eventually provide me with the degree I need to obtain better employment and a secure future. The decision to buy an Apple computer was based on a series of television commercials that led m e to believe the Apple was a better purchase than a PC. These commercials feature two men representing each type of computer, each demonstrating different ways in which the Apple is better than the PC. By indicating that the Apple is less susceptible to spyware and computer breakdowns, these commercials appealed to my safety needs by indicating that my personal information would remain private and that my work would probably not get lost

Common Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common Assessment - Term Paper Example The Financial crisis has severely affected the personnel of the organizations. There have been several instances of employees’ retrenchment, downsizing as well as cutting the workforce to reduce the fixed overheads. This has resulted in the organizations left with only a fewer employees to meet the obligations and this causes the organizations to suffer not only in producing more products but also in producing quality products. (Skipper, 2009, pp.3-5; Basu, n.d, pp.205-207; Shah, 2010) The paper will assess the situation where the executives have been trying to redesign the jobs for employees and thereby facing a loss of employees every time they attempt to change the structure. Boosting Employee moral: An organization should look at effectively protecting the morale of the employee and constantly monitor the employee morale because the organizations have to realize at first the growth, the productivity of the organization rest mainly on the employees’ expertise. So the organization must be clear and lucid to the point of the scope of each and every employee. Giving a clear and transparent job specification to each and every employee is highly essential. Proper and effective communication is also highly important as clear communication addresses many complex issues. The employee should be given enough space for expressing ideas in a particular matter the employee is expert. The employee should be given in hand training for the particular job and should be given adequate feedback for their improvement such that the employee can get accustomed to the job requirement as needed by the employer. (Bruce, 2002, pp.69-74; Martocchio, 2004, pp.163-164) Designing crisis management: During the times of recession, the executives have been involved in restructuring the jobs, the situation during the crisis have gone to such extent that the employees working in a particular domain had to work on other domains simultaneously. There have been several instances wh en an employee working in a higher designation has to work for much lower designation profiles which have acted to a huge impediment to the morale up gradation of the employee. During the crisis period the situation has gone to such a level that in an IT organizations employees working as software developers for the organization even had to do marketing jobs which is a completely different profile for those employees. Moreover, employees working in higher designations to the level of floor managers or middle level managers in an organizational structure had to do works like depositing funds or withdrawal of funds from banks which are simply clerical jobs. So in different high esteemed organizations employees of higher repute and working in much senior positions had to do simple clerical jobs mainly to make up for the jobs of the employees who have been retrenched during the crisis. This has caused a huge moral degradation of the employees. On the other hand this has severely increas ed the work load on the employees as they had to take multidimensional roles in their work. This has caused a major setback in the employees’ moral. This has again resulted in employees resigning their positions as not

Promotion and Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotion and Place - Essay Example the new outfit that’s all the rage, a purchase that will satisfy our safety needs by providing adequate clothing as well as our belonging needs by identifying us as belonging to a certain group and our esteem needs by providing us with a symbol of our current status in society. Using this theory, advertisers have learned how to capitalize on these needs to maximize their own sales. Examples of these ideas can best be illustrated by taking a look at two purchases made recently and the motivations for selecting the items and brands that were bought. The purchase of a computer might be considered by some to be a luxury purchase because it does not directly address any of Maslow’s needs. It does not feed us, clothe us, provide us with additional security or indicate we belong to any specific group. However, if I wanted to succeed in school, I needed to have a computer on which to do my homework and to help me study. This first purchase was a major purchase because it required me to spend a great deal of my savings on one item and therefore threatened my ability to meet some of my other needs, for instance, whether I would have enough money left over for groceries for the rest of the semester. That a computer was required for the successful completion of my academic career was, in part, the fulfillment of my safety needs because it will eventually provide me with the degree I need to obtain better employment and a secure future. The decision to buy an Apple computer was based on a series of television commercials that led m e to believe the Apple was a better purchase than a PC. These commercials feature two men representing each type of computer, each demonstrating different ways in which the Apple is better than the PC. By indicating that the Apple is less susceptible to spyware and computer breakdowns, these commercials appealed to my safety needs by indicating that my personal information would remain private and that my work would probably not get lost

Nutrition Support of Hospitalized Patients Essay

Nutrition Support of Hospitalized Patients - Essay Example The healthcare professionals often underestimate the nutritional needs of the patients who are critically ill. Moreover, the initiation of nutritional therapy is often delayed in these patients. In the critically ill patient, nutritional status plays a key role in recovery. The extent of muscle wasting and weight loss in the ICU is inversely correlated with long-term survival. However, because conventional parenteral nutritional therapy of malnourished critically ill patients has not been demonstrated to produce anabolism, blunting of the catabolic state may be the more effective strategy. Over the top of that malnutrition in the critically ill patients have been associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and length of stay, which may be correlated to increased dependency of mechanical ventilation, enhanced rates of infection, and impairment of wound healing. Therefore, to determine the evidence in this area of care, it would be prudent to critically analyse the research finding s which could justify the indications and contraindications of nutritional therapy in these patients. ... Concomitantly, there is an increase globulin synthesis as a part of acute phase response. Metabolically, there is noted to be increased gluconeogenesis along with reduced serum iron and zinc levels and increased copper and ceruloplasmin levels. These changes lead to fever and an associated negative nitrogen balance. There is protein breakdown invariably in all patients. There is evidence that critically ill adult patients may lose about 16-20 g of nitrogen, which are supposed to be excreted in the form of urea, which in normal individuals are about 10-12 g/d. Many acutely ill patients have septic complications, and in some of them, the nitrogen loss may account for up to 24 g of urinary urea nitrogen daily. The nutritional implications of these facts become very significant since with the loss of 1 g of urinary urea nitrogen, the nitrogen content in 6.25 g of protein is loss, which is equivalent to approximately 1 oz of lean body mass. As one can calculate, the loss of 16 g of nitrog en as urinary urea is therefore equal to the loss of about 1 lb of skeletal muscle or lean body mass per day (Doig et al., 2008). Nutritional supplementation, hence, bears an important meaning in the management of patients who are critically ill. Studies have indicated that initiation of nutritional supportive treatments in critically ill patients within 48 to 72 hours of admission has at least three important outcomes. These are improved clinical outcomes, lower rates of infectious complications, and shorter duration of hospital stay. The route of administration of nutritional supports to these patients has also important influences over clinical outcomes. Evidence indicates that enteral nutrition is favorable over parenteral

Hot and Cold Essay Example for Free

Hot and Cold Essay Since time immemorial, Indians have been bombarded with snacks-to-go by street vendors; fastfood is neither a modern phenomenon, nor a western innovation. But as increasing numbers of international players enter the domestic market, there are bitter lessons to learn about what local consumers will and will not welcome. just-food.coms Debasish Ganguly reports from India on the evolving sector and the challenges facing new entrants into the fastfood market. Fastfood is not an alien concept to Indians; roadside shops have offered snacks-to-go since time immemorial and the country has a long tradition of indigenous fastfood served by a variety of street vendors. Whether the southern Dosas or the Phulkas in the north, the Vada, Samosas or Bhelpuri, this inexpensive cuisine is still going strong, and street selling is a low-cost method of food distribution. However, since the arrival of established fastfood chains such as McDonalds, marketing savvy and dollar power have given fastfood a very western orientation. The weekend stampedes outside any McDonalds restaurant are standing testimony to this fact. But the burger behemoths still have a long way to go. Local fastfood is not easily undermined by these interlopers, since methods of mass production have not been perfected and, in any case, they would have to compete with low cost artisan production. On the other hand, the reality is that established local fastfood chains, like Nirulas, Wimpys or Haldiram, are sensing competition by the growing popularity of McDonalds and other international chains. Though Nirulas does not admit to any drop in sales overtly, industry sources reveal that they have lost 18% of their original market share. So far, the fastfood chains have gained their popularity among the major metropolitan cities of India and some smaller cities, such as Pune or Baroda. Before the arrival of these fastfood chains, Nirulas was the market leaderin Delhi. In fact, Nirulas taught Delhi-dwellers what pizzas and burgers were all about. Nirulas was commanding a monopoly until western chains arrived in India.

Effects of Organisational Structure on HRM in a Business

Effects of Organisational Structure on HRM in a Business INTRODUCTION Associations are organized in a mixture of routes, dependant on their goals and society. The structure of an association will focus the way in which it works and its execution. Structure permits the obligations regarding diverse capacities and methods to be unmistakably dispensed to distinctive offices and workers. Association Structure and Business Success.The wrong association structure will frustrate the accomplishment of the business. Authoritative structures ought to mean to boost the proficiency and accomplishment of the Organization. A compelling authoritative structure will encourage working connections between different segments of the association. It will hold request and charge whilst pushing adaptability and imagination. Part -1 As a Recent Human resource graduate ,†Luna Convenience Store† has engaged you to develop a discussion document on these two issues. Explain influence an organizational structure has on the HRM function. â€Å"Is the HRM function influenced by organizational structure or not?† One of the crucial difficulties confronting organizations of all sizes is deciding how to arrange and staff their operations. This undertaking gets to be significantly more unpredictable when an organization chooses to work together crosswise over national fringes. A little entrepreneur may begin as the main representative in his or her organization. For this situation association and staffing basically includes the productive distribution of the managers chance and regard for the different undertakings connected with the business. As the organization develops, more representatives will most likely be procured. At the point when this happens, it is helpful to unequivocally take a gander at how undertakings might be assigned crosswise over workers in a deliberate manner. As the organization develops still bigger, it is frequently valuable to start arranging the organization into offices. Much of the time, an organizations initial moves abroad include responding to an evidently irregular or unforeseen abroad business open door. From the get go, such business may be led anyplace in the association on a specially appointed premise. As an organization develops its operations abroad, it undertakes extra multifaceted nature as choices must be made which address worldwide and nearby item outline, neighborhood responsiveness to individual markets, cross-outskirt financing, and so on. Theories of organizational structure:- Weber:- Webers organization centered around making standards and regulations to disentangle complex methods in social orders and work environments. Key Points:- Max Weber was a part of the traditional point of view of administration, and his written work helped the investigative school of considered administration. He expounded on the significance of administration in the public eye. Weberian organization is described by progressive association, move made on the premise of and recorded in composed tenets, and bureaucratic authorities obliging master preparing. Professional success relies on upon specialized capabilities judged by association, not people. Webers thoughts on organization originated from society amid the Industrial Revolution. As Weber comprehended, society was being determined by the entry of reasonable plans into society which, thus, changed society into an inexorably bureaucratic substance. Qualities Of Bureaucratic Organizations : A decently characterized formal progression and levels of leadership recognizes the level of power inside an association. People who hold higher positions will oversee and immediate lower positions inside the progression. For instance, Megan the Manager oversees a group of four deals agents. Megans position inside the association as a manager provides for her power over those four deals delegates to steer and control their activities to guarantee hierarchical objectives are met. Administration by principles and regulations gives a set of standard working techniques that encourage consistency in both hierarchical and administration rehearses. Case in point, when a representative is wiped out and cant make it into work that day, he or she must shout to their immediate chief. On the off chance that one of Megans deals reps is wiped out, they are relied upon to call her straightforwardly to educate her of their unlucky deficiency. Any worker who neglects to do this will be liable to end. The greater part of Megans workers are relied upon to take after this principle, and Megan is required to authorize this guideline similarly among her representatives. Division of work and work specialization are utilized to adjust workers to their authoritative errands. Thusly, a worker will take a shot at things with which he or she has encounter and knows how to do well. For instance, how about we say two of Megans deals reps are accomplished in offering items to merchants in the western district of the state because of their far reaching knowledge working around there. Megan would then put those wo representatives accountable for that particular locale and would put the other two deals reps in the eastern area. B ) Analyse of organizational structure on HRM :- Functional : A worldwide utilitarian structure is frequently embraced by organizations with an exceptionally constrained item scope. A CEO will regulate various business works that have been distinguished as discriminating to business operations. Since the item blend is peculiar or restricted, the CEO can arrange the work of the capacities and present the assets of each as a powerful influence for the product offering. For this situation, the CEO serves as the shared element between the capacities. Likes : In numerous associations, the essential wellsprings of ability are practically based. In this manner, economies of scale might be accomplished by gathering these assets by capacity. On account of human assets, for example, a focal human assets capacity can serve as an expert to all parts of the association on issues, for example, pay and execution assessment. Dislikes: The essential concentrate on business practical movement, regularly occupies associations from particular item prerequisites, client needs, and geographic mannerisms. With the highest point of the association serving as proportional element and mediator between the capacities, methodologies may not think about substances the ground as choices are made without the profit of close connection with clients and profound understanding of nearby circumstances. Divisional : The divisional authoritative structure composes the exercises of a business around land, market, or item and administration bunches. Accordingly, an organization composed on divisional lines could have working gatherings for the United States or Europe, or for business clients, or for the green gadget product offering. Every such division contains a complete set of capacities. In this manner, the green gadget division would handle it bookkeeping exercises, deals and showcasing, designing, generation, etc. This methodology is valuable when choice making ought to be bunched at the division level to respond all the more rapidly to nearby conditions. The divisional structure is particularly valuable when an organization has numerous districts, markets, and/or items. Then again, it can result in higher aggregate expenses, and can bring about various little, quarreling fiefdoms inside an organization that dont fundamentally cooperate for the benefit of the whole element. Matrix : A grid association structure is generally characterized as one where there are different reporting lines – that is, individuals have more than one formal supervisor. This may fuse robust lines (immediate solid reporting) and dabbed lines (a weaker reporting relationship, yet showing some formal level of right to the singulars chance) or it may mean various strong lines to more than one manager. At this level, the meaning of a framework association structure is very straightforward however there are numerous distinctive sorts of complex structure. As associations developed they regularly got to be more universal, incorporated or created different item gathers. There began to be a prerequisite to organize over the gathering of organizations – for instance, to have a typical IT approach or set of HR strategies. The utilitarian heads began to have a reporting relationship to a gathering level HR or IT individual and also to their nation or area head. At first this was regularly casual at the same time, as the requirement for coordination expanded, it frequently prompt double reporting – a gathering level la Geographical :- Hierarchical structure characterizes the progression in which an association will work. There are numerous characterized sorts of authoritative structure, however a few associations may make their own, or utilize a consolidation of a few structures to effectively run business operations. Geographic hierarchical structure is utilized for associations that have business locales or specialties units in distinctive geographic areas. Capacity :- A geographic authoritative structure characterizes a reporting and useful framework crosswise over different areas. This sort of structure permits an associations work places to work separately while holding fast to organization strategies and qualities. Office areas could be nearby, national or universal. Direction :- Every geographic area is supervised and administered by one or a few executives. These executives regulate and immediate the capacities of the area and have obligation regarding the whole operation and its funds. Product Based :- Four favorable circumstances of an item based association (quickly recorded.This structure gives concentrate on individual items, which may be particularly suitable if diverse items have distinctive issues and concerns Each gathering might be run as a different benefit focus. Thusly, solid rivalry and contention can create between groups which can help inspiration and productivity It is additionally adaptable in that crudely performing gatherings could be shut down without an excess of disturbance to whatever is left of the organization. These more diminutive benefit focuses consider quick choice making and more noteworthy freedom furthermore, utilizing an item association structure is most regular in organizations, for example, retail locations. These associations will separate out their items by gathering, for example, clothing, machines, sustenance or hardware. This helps managers and directors run their operations all the more effectively (so thats presumably an alternate playing point; productivity Part 2 Analyse culture has on the HRM. â€Å"Is the HRM function Influenced by culture or not?† The target of the study is to examine and break down the impact of society on human asset administration drills. The examination is required to answer the criticalness inquiry: Are HRM practices impacted by national society or not? It is for the most part acknowledged that the acts of administration is thought to be widespread until/ternational .work is the most prevalent in cross society administration thinks about so that his skeleton in national society will be utilized as a part of this examination. Society affects on every phase of the HR cycle, from determination and recruitment, to input, assessment, drilling, and passageway meetings. While the greater part of the distinctive HR capacities are ordinary for the individuals who have existed and worked in Canada for a long time, they are still outside for newcomers. This shows the extra test of imparting the estimation of the diverse capacities, and additionally performing them. C The start of this article concentrated on determination, however comparative stories of social miscommunication might be told for each diverse part of the HR cycle. Passageway meetings with no new data in light of the fact that the representative does not need to cause the organization to lose face. An excessively complimentary assessment prompting a workers shame and withdrawal from the work group. Each of these speak to more samples of what may happen when imparting crosswise over societies. Discuss on culture organisal structure: Handy :- society, advanced by Charles Handy (1999) – and after work by Harrison (1972)– likewise introduces authoritative societies as characterized into four significant sorts: the force society, the part society, the assignment society, and the individual or help society. Convenients methodology may help you comprehend why you have been more agreeable in a few associations than others. Interestingly, albeit Handy decides to discuss society, he demonstrates the structures connected with his society sorts. This may be a direct result of the trouble of drawing something as diffuse as society, yet it additionally fortifies the way that society and structure are interrelation. Power There are a few associations where the force stays in the hands of just few individuals and just they are approved to take choices. They are the ones who appreciate exceptional benefits at the working environment. They are the most essential individuals at the working environment and are the real chiefs. These people further delegate obligations to alternate representatives. In such a society the subordinates have no choice however to strictly take after their unrivaleds directions. The workers dont have the freedom to express their perspectives or impart their thoughts on an open gathering and need to take after what their predominant says. The supervisors in such a sort of society once in a while might be inclined toward somebody or the other prompting significant agitation among others. Assignment Culture Associations where groups are framed to attain the targets or take care of basic issues take after the errand society. In such associations people with regular investment and specializations meet up to structure a group. There are by and large four to five parts in each one group. In such a society each colleague need to help just as and perform assignments in the most imaginative way. Individual Culture there are sure associations where the workers feel that they are more imperative than their association. Such associations take after a society known as individual society. In an individual society, people are more worried about their self as opposed to the association. The association in such a society takes a secondary lounge and in the end endures. Representatives simply go to the workplace for the purpose of cash and never get appended to it. They are at times dependable towards the administration and never rule for the association. One ought to never forget that association starts things out and everything else later. 4) Part society Part society is a society where each worker is appointed parts and obligations as indicated by his specialization, instructive capability and enthusiasm to concentrate the best out of him. In such a society representatives choose what best they can do and eagerly acknowledge the test. Each individual is responsible for something or the other and need to take responsibility for work allocated to him. Force accompanies obligation in such a work society. Relationship between culture and HRM function For an association to be fruitful over the long haul, its administration style needs to be outlined relying upon its society. Numerous inquires about demonstrate that human asset practices are fit in with key administration hones and have critical effect on authoritative achievement. The vitality of HR capacity is builds and perceived from multiple points of view. Top executives demeanor about the vitality of the HR capacity have a noteworthy effect on an associations primary concern (Phillips, 1996). HRM practices have a positive and noteworthy effect on hierarchical profit. Organizations have been swayed to embrace a mixture of execution improving or dynamic human asset administration practices to enhance their worldwide intensity. This study means to discover a relationship between authoritative societies and human asset administration results. On the off chance that there is a relationship, then authoritative society might be change and administered towards a coveted one. This study will be a valuable research in the Human Resource Management order and a helpful manual for experts in work life. The study will utilize overview as instrumentation. Overview will be intended to recognize the society and to get numerical responses to human asset administration measurements. RECOMMENDATION A lot of people little organizations begin with few workers and much less administrators. As the business develops, holders frequently make an authoritative structure to respond to changes, as opposed to making an insightful arrange that plans for future development. Arranging ahead is the most ideal approach to make a hierarchical structure that helps your business develop, regardless of the fact that youve as of now been doing business for some time. The most straightforward approach to start making the ideal authoritative structure for your business is to outline one as though you havent opened your entryways yet. CONCLUSION Hierarchical society incorporates the qualities, convictions, practices, standards and relics that associate the parts of an association. As in all different societies, hierarchical society creates over a long time of time with the support of the parts. Through contemplating or dissecting the society of an association, you can think of different conclusions. These incorporate decisions about the safety of society, hierarchical execution, and correspondence and administration styles. These conclusions might be useful for supervisors and advisors looking to support better authoritative societies.

A View of My Philosophy :: Teaching Education Teachers Essays

A View of My Philosophy It’s hard to decide on a major as a high school student preparing to enter college. There are so many possibilities and it seems impossible to choose only one. It was a major decision for me, and I was terrified I would make the wrong choice. What if I didn’t like my major? What if I found nothing that I liked? I attended West Virginia Wesleyan College my freshman year with no decided major. Education had always been in the back of my mind, but I wanted to make sure that there was nothing else that would catch my attention. It turned out that nothing else did. During my freshman year I took a variety of classes in many different subject areas, but nothing seemed to spark a major interest. I was beginning to worry that I would never make up my mind until I started volunteering at an after-school program at a local elementary school near WVWC in Buckhannon, WV. It was a program designed as a place for students to do their homework while they waited for their parents to pick them up. From the first day volunteering, I loved it. I loved the puzzled looks on the faces of the young children as they tried to work through an arithmetic problem. I loved their smiling faces and their eagerness to learn. Most of all, I loved the look of accomplishment when a struggling student fin ally understood. That was how I knew I was meant to be a teacher. Just to know that I made a difference in the lives of the children I helped was better than almost anything I’ve ever accomplished. During the program I truly realized I wanted to teach, and not just on a temporarily volunteering basis. The idea of having my own classroom and my own group of students to influence became more and more appealing. My philosophy of teaching is a combination of some of the most well known philosophies. One philosophy I support is progressivism.