The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Persuasive Essay Is societies violence the medias fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every Americans house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isnt one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointing to a different scapegoat for societys violence. I come from a country that puts a lot of American movies on and has more graphic violence within its live drama on the BBC than anywhere else, and there is a lot less violence in the United Kingdom than there is here. There are 200 million guns in America, and that has a lot to do with violence. We will write a custom essay on The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He feels it has to do with gun control, which others have suggested. But there are so many violent acts, that one cant focus on the guns, just like one cant focus on the media. David Phillips, one of the men we discuss later put it perfectly, Its like watching rain fall on a pond and trying to figure out which drop causes which ripple.There have been many studies conducted on the effects of violence on children, and on the effects on society as a whole. There have been about 3,000 studies performed on this topic. Two of the most prolific studies were the UCLA Television Violence Monitoring Report, and the Mediascope, Inc. test sponsored by the National Cable Television Association. Of course there were many other studies done, but these made headlines because of their results. The UCLA study focused on all of the television media, and discovered some interesting facts from their study. Prime Time Series raised the least concern. Theatrical films raised more concern and had a lot more violence. The Saturday morning cartoons had mixed reviews. 23% of the cartoons raised concern, but that was only rating the most popular cartoons: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, X-Men, etc. They termed the action in cartoons as Sinister Combat Violence which basically means the whole story line leads to violence.Mediascope, Inc. focused on the amount and context on cable, effectiveness of rating systems and parental advisories, and the success of anti-violent messages. They found that perpetrators go unpunished in 73% of all violent scenes, one out of four violent interactions involved the use of handguns, and premium cable channels present the highest percentage of violent programs (85%). There was more to their findings, but these were the more prevalent findings.University of Michigan psychologists Dr. Leonard Eron and Dr. Rowell Huesmann conducted a study, which continued for decades. This was conducted beginning in 1960. They took 800 eight-year-olds and found that children who watched many hours of violent television tended to be more aggressive in the playground and the classroom. They checked back with these kids 11 and 22 years later. They found the aggressive eight-year-olds grew up to become even more aggressive. They testified before congress in 1992 stating, Television violence affects youngsters of all ages, of both genders, at all socioeconomic levels and all levels of intelligence. The effect is not limited to children who are already disposed to being aggressive and is not restricted to this country.David Phillips, a scientist at the University of California in San Diego conducted a study on prizefights on television. He thought of this topic, because he felt there wasnt enough research being conducted on the copycat violence. He found that after prize fights on television, there would be about a 10 percent increase in murders for a few days afterwards. He quoted, It also seems to be the case that the kind of person killed just after the prizefight is similar to the person beaten in the prize fight.There are four major theories of television violence. The arousal theory, the social learning theory, the disinhibition hypothesis, and the catharsis hypothesis. These four hypothesis/theories are old and new conclusions to the question at hand. It is notable to see that some of these theories were stated as early as 1961. Most would have to disagree with these theories just because of the age of their births, but to most peoples surprise they still hold in the 21st century. The arousal theory is basically self-explanatory. This was theorized by P.H. Tannenbaum in 1975. .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 , .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .postImageUrl , .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 , .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:hover , .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:visited , .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:active { border:0!important; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:active , .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841 .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4a04f6c7f9e4b37fcc381444afd0841:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marshant Museum Of Art And History Essay He said exposure to television violence increases aggression because violence increases excitation, or arouses viewers (Tannenbaum Zillman, 1975). This is also being found in the recent studies, which shows the progression in the medias will to change.The social learning theory was described by Dr. Bandura. This theory says ways of behaving are learned by observing others, and that this is a major means by which children acquire unfamiliar behavior, although performance of acquired behavior will depend at least in part on factors other than acquisition (Bandura, 1973). A perfect example of this theory was when the murders occurred after the prizefights.The disinhibition hypothesis was L. Berkowitzs investigation. This hypothesis explains that television violence in certain circumstances will result in increased interpersonal aggression because it weakens inhibitions against such behavior (Berkowitz, 1962).The final theory, catharsis hypothesis was written by S. Feshbach. This theory explains that under certain conditions exposure to television violence will reduce subsequent aggression (Feshbach, 1961). What this is saying is that if someone sees a fantasy on TV, or now with technology, entertains themselves with virtual reality, that fantasy is fulfilled, which makes them not feel they have to do that in real life.So many people have discussed the topic of media effecting society, from Aristotle to the President of CBS. It has always been a question, but never as needy for an answer as now. Hopefully the government has some say in this soon, so the drama of centuries will finally be over. But that probably wont occur anytime soon.Aristotle was a big supporter of catharsis. He believed that the audience became psychologically involved with the story on stage, even though they knew it was 100% fiction. He felt when aggression climaxed with the actors, there was a catharsis in the audience, which was pleasurable to experience and left the audience cleansed, uplifted, and less likely to act violently among themselves. Sigmund Freud also felt as Aristotle did by saying, Unless people were allowed to express themselves aggressively, the aggressive energy would be dammed up, pressure would build, and the aggressive energy would seek an outlet, either exploding into acts of extreme violence or manifesting itself as symptoms of mental illness . But there is no direct evidence for this conclusion (Aronson, 1995, p. 258). President Clinton looks at it in a different light saying, for people who have never been taught to understand the consequences of their action these things can unintentionally set forth a chain reaction of ever more impulsive behavior. Hollywood figures of the 21st century blame factors such as poverty, drugs and alcohol, poor schooling, lax gun control and a general breakdown of families but not screen violence.University of Iowa professor of Journalism and Mass Communication Albert Talbott said, In the 30s, when I was a toddler, one of the things that concerned parents were comic books and the violence in them. As soon as the modern media started to develop, we have all kinds of things on how we are affecting people.Technology today isnt helping everyone to feel better about this dilemma. It is actually going to get worse before it gets better. There isnt only movies or news reports someone can watch to see violence, but also the new video game craze. Video games have become an enormous industry in the past decade. People from 4 years old to 70 years old own their own Sega Genesis or Nintendo Play Station. Of course there is a number of games to choose frombut what is the highest wanted game? None other then Mortal Combat. The name speaks for itself. Just for the record, this game consists of choosing a character, a weapon and then fighting another character until one is dead. It also is equipped with sound effects for when someone is punched or stabbed, and also shows the blood flying from the body when hit. So many studies have been done on the affects of media violence on children. Most are concerned with the results, especially parents. If the government, parents or others are so concerned with the effect of their child seeing violence on the television, maybe they should practice what they preach when Christmas rolls around. They should think twice before buying that Mortal combat III for their son. This is where it gets sticky. Parents need to draw the line between appropriate and not appropriate. It would be a nice convenience to have a rating system on the television, but parents should be aware enough of what their children are doing and watching that they are the rating system themselves.The question now is what is happening to help this situation currently? The answer is quite relieving. .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 , .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .postImageUrl , .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 , .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:hover , .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:visited , .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:active { border:0!important; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:active , .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190 .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5afc22349f87da01d2788056218fd190:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf Predation Essay All of the networks are on their tippy toes so they wont get a bad name. The Entertainment Industries council, which distributes suggestions to the writers and producers of network shows and TV movies on social issues, is now meeting with writers to develop ways for dramatizing conflict without violence and showing the consequences of violence. MTV is the most risqu station on cable right now. It shows a good amount of sex and violence everyday. Usually more sex then violence, but there is a good amount of both. But at MTV, almost one out of three music videos submitted is being ruled inappropriate for broadcast.The V-Chip is another work in progress for parents. This device will be in all televisions within 5 years. It is a rating system for parents, and they can program it to cut off shows with violence or nudity, etc. This will help parents regulate what their children will watch, even when they arent around. It will be like on-line shopping, a convenience, but you still have to choose what you want to buy.Film director Oliver Stone says, Films have become more sanitized. Were moving away from reality. Were in the grip of a political correctness thats bothersome. Obviously there will be some who are concerned with the action government is taking, because media should be realistic and educating, even if it is gruesome. Some would disagree with that statement, and those are the ones taking action now. Photojournalist Assistant Professor John Kimmich Javier said, News isnt always pretty or nice. People must face that reality. People have had to face that reality, and now are taking action to stop that from continuing to be reality. Should it be stopped is the real question. What is the effect of violence in media with children compared to with adults? Children model behavior they see in the media. If they dont see the consequences of violence, it will teach them that violence doesnt cause serious harm. Adults see more violence in the media than actually exists in real life. Thats because producers believe that they have to include extraordinary violence in order to keep the viewer. When heroes use violence, children think that violence is an appropriate way to respond to problems. Children are younger, so they see things and apply that to their lives, because they are learning everything at that age. Adults look at it as the mean world syndrome in which they see how society is portrayed on TV, and they think that every neighborhood is dangerous, like shown. When in fact most neighborhoods are nothing like they are portrayed on TV. The writers and producers are exaggerating, to make it all interesting.There is also discussion of violence on TV not having any affect at all. People have seen so much, that they dont really think about the actual act occurring on screen. Hanno Hardt, a professor at J-MC School said, Its lost its shock value. Maybe 20 to 30 years ago we would have been shocked. Now, a generation later, we know that this is a violent society. And when we read about violence, it only reinforces what we know. People have become used to seeing violence on television, but this has become somewhat surreal to them. They dont think of it as reality until it happens to them. When violence happens to people or their family, they become eyewitnesses to this violence. They have personal experiences compassion sensitivity, fear. People havent lost that. We have covered a huge amount of information about the effect of violence in media on society. Did we answer the question though? I dont think we did, but I do think that the answer is making progress. We are also a lot more informed now of what exactly is in the media right now, and what studies have shown to be happening. There has always been an issue of something effecting society, and there will always be a plentitude of scapegoats. What is the actual answer though? No one seems to have it. There is a lot of gray area, but society seems to be making this more of a black and white issue. Will the government ever really take action? Does action need to be taken? Hopefully after reading this, one is more educated on the difficulty in answering these questions.

multiculturalism in america essays

multiculturalism in america essays Multiculturalism In Corporate America: Who Benefits, And Why Should I Care? We've reached the age in which global structures have become the key components of any viable corporation. Large or small, corporate America is now recognizing the importance of reaching out to other nations. No longer an issue of whether or not one will choose to become international, if you're in business, it's almost a fact of life. The United States itself has blossomed into a nation of some 103 cultures from around the world. As a result, we've become international right here at home. To many people in America's corporations, the word "multicultural" has become synonymous with civil rights and affirmative action. Junior executives sent to multicultural and cultural diversity seminars frequently ask what multiculturalism has to do with them. And just as often, someone in the room will reply, "It's good business. It's the bottom line." But multiculturalism is more than good business and the bottom line. From the marketing standpoint, it's natural to assume you'll want to learn some of the customs and societal bugaboos if you're marketing in a foreign land. Yet if you're plunging into international waters, you'd better know more than how to sink or swim. Doing business with just the bare essentials of what you think will be acceptable in another culture can be a costly lesson to learn! In the American business world, we're inclined to rush, moving to a first name basis often by the second contact, and just as often, expecting to close hot deals in a matter of a week or two. But people in other parts of the world have developed their business relationships to a high degree. The most successful corporate leader might know a client's entire family from kids to the grandparents on both sides, and even know which of the kids has asthma before s/he closes that important sale. To those who are just now beginning to tread these waters, learning wh...

De Beers and US Anti Trust Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Lily's Perpective on racisim Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Lily's Perpective on racisim - Research Paper Example hin the protagonists life, this brief analysis will focus upon these compliments as a means of seeking to determine an underlying truth to the way in which the storyline an individual experience of Lilly came to be differentiated. Even though the Lilly did not suffer from abject levels of rule and spiteful racism, within the instances indicated from the film, she was impacted by it at each and every level and this tacit degree of racism ultimately restricted the perspective, hopes, dreams, and realities that she was able to engage for her own life. Firstly, Lilly’s perspective is fist indicated to be formed with regards to the fact that she is forced into a state of exile and must leave her home, leave her friends, and leave all that she knows due to the fact that pervasive levels of racism during this time to find the way in which life could be experienced and the certainty of living in one location guaranteed (Riley 10). However, more specifically, the pervasive elements of racism within society are indicated throughout the film and not only restricted to the interpersonal relationships that Lilly and/or any other individual have. For instance, the impact that racism has can be felt with regards to the fact that both the Lilly and her caretaker feel like they have somehow found the promised land when they spot a jar of honey that instead of having a white person’s face upon the emblem that decorates it, instead has a black Madonna. This tacit level of acceptance with regards to the fact that society is unfair a nd unavailable to African-Americans fundamentally shift the way in which the viewer comes to integrate with the plot. Rather than merely seeing this as a tale of an individual who moves from one place to another and begins a new life that is no longer constrained by racial politics and racism, the film itself points to the fact that the fundamental corresponding theme between all of the locations within this particular movie is the fact that pervasive

Key Reasons for the Depressing Sales and Profit Case Study

Key Reasons for the Depressing Sales and Profit - Case Study Example One of the chief reasons that try to explain the depressing sales and profits of the Cafe Bijoux is the poor advertising and promotion of the restaurant. In accordance to the introduction of the case, study of the Cafe Bijoux, Jennifer the professor of marketing and a marketing consultant drove back and forth the B street in search for the Cafe Bijoux. Jennifer also denotes that she drove along the B Street making several turns without seeing any visible sign of the restaurant1. This implies that the management of the restaurant has failed in making Cafe Bijoux known to the people. Only after making several circling around the street is when Jennifer was capable of seeing a small sign giving direction to the Cafe Bijoux restaurant. In accordance to the description of Jennifer, it is evident that poor promotion and advertisement of the Cafe Bijoux has contributed to the depressing sales and profits. The number of customers visiting a restaurant is determined by the advertisement and p romotions made concerning the services offered. Since the management of the Cafe Bijoux lacks appropriate advertising techniques, it is almost impossible of the customers interested in obtaining food services from the cafe to identify the direction of the cafe2. Since the cafe is poorly advertised to the customers, it explains the reason why the sales and profits are depressing. Fewer customers visiting the Cafe Bijoux contribute little to the management and maintenance of the cafe. An additional reason that explains to the depressing profits and sales of the Cafe Bijoux is fact that the restaurant offers only one meal. The Cafe Bijoux only offers lunch meals to the target customers. Most of the restaurants in the region that aim at increasing the profitable margins aim at serving the customers with breakfast, lunch and dinner. However, serving the customers with only one meal gives a reason why the Cafe Bijoux receives depressing profits and sales. Not all the target customers will eat lunch from the restaurant. Some of the customers will prefer eating breakfast and maybe carry take away dinner to eat with the rest of the family members. However, since the Cafe Bijoux only offers launch meals alone, it discourages the number of the customers willing to eat breakfast and dinner at the same time3. The restaurant ought to increase the number of meals served to attract more customers and increase the sales and profitable returns. 2. Jennifer conducted a quick phone survey to understand the primary customers’ perceptions about Cafe Bijoux. Describe how Jennifer might have conducted the phone survey (based on your knowledge from marketing research). Phone surveys are one of the modern methods of data collection especially in the field of marketing to gather more information concerning the behavior of the customers. In accordance to the case study of the Cafe Bijoux restaurant, Jennifer conducted a quick phone survey to identify the customer’s behavior in relationship to the attitude and perception towards the Cafe Bijoux4. In conducting the phone survey, Jenner also gained additional information concerning the perception of the surrounding resident towards the services offered by the Cafe Bijoux. The phone survey concerning the Cafe Bijoux would also aid in undertaking customers analysis hence discovering the problems affecting the customers willing to acquire services from the restaurant. In Jennifer’s case, the Cafe Bijoux quick phone survey purposefully conducted the quick phone survey to find out the behavior of the City Hall employees who were the key target for the meals served. The phone survey conducted by Jennifer concerning Cafe Bijoux might have been undertaken in diverse ways to get a proper feedback of the

Correlation Between Sales And Brand Value Marketing Essay

Correlation Between Sales And Brand Value Marketing Essay In the marketing concept, brand differentiates a product and services from its competitors. Brand affects consumers not only because of the knowledge systems that consumers know about the brands but it is also part of psycho-social-cultural context (Esch et al., 2006). Hence, it is very important to build a strong brand as it act as one of the contributing factor in sustaining companys performance of which the value of a company relies on its current earnings that potentially will develop its future financial performance. For instance, the powerful global companies take advantage on its brand as a contribution factor to their continuing success (Davis, 2002). Brand is classified as an important asset to the company as it helps in the generation of cash. Moreover, it has an impact to the company as the business is worth more due to its position of the brand in the market. The value of the brand is a reflection of the brand worth in regards to current and future income, reputation and market value. It is vital to understand the meaning of the brand value as it serves as a tool in determining the marketing strategy in each segment or target market. According to Gabay et al. (2009), brand value is related on how a brand is influence in the marketing mix as well as the impact of the brand name to the other features in the marketing concept. When a brand is managed well consistently, the brand value will appreciate over time that allows company to charge a premium over competitive offering leadings to a higher profit margin (Davis, 2002). A companys brand is directly related to the consumers as they are the one who decides on the purchase of a product. Brands that manage to segment its products appropriately in the competitive market will enable the company to attract consumers as well as maintaining the brand value that stands as a key point to compete in the future market. Each company would want to have a stable growth in its profitability and the key point to determine the success of the company will rely on its sales figures. As companies noticed the importance of a brand in its financial performance, huge investment has been made to ensure that its brand has a high brand value. For example, Coca-Cola is consistently investing in its brand to develop an emotional connection with the consumers. Consumers perceptions on a brand do play an important factor in the selection of the best brand for a particular product. It is important to build and have a brand value as it involve consumers understanding on what they are getting compared to what they are giving. There is a linkage between consumer loyalty and brand value. For example, if a particular brand maintains a significantly higher perception of value to a consumer than any other brand in the category, that consumer will consistently purchase that brand and consistently recommend that brand to others. As a result, consumers are confident in the product and directly will have an impact to the companys sales performance. According to the top 100 grocery brands in the United Kingdom (UK) report, it was noted that the sales pattern is related to consumers perception on the brands. Brands that have a high brand value have performed well in terms of its sales. Therefore, it seems that there is a relationship between sales and brand value. However, there is still uncertainty on the strength between the two variables. In view of this, it is viable to do a statistical analysis for further analysis on the said matter. 1.2 Previous work that has been done Brand is seen as a very important concept in the marketing perspective especially brand value which have a relationship between quality and price. High brand value is the most valuable asset for a company as it brings higher margins both short and long term (Esch et al., 2006) and host of other benefits (Oslon, 2008). By identifying the factors driving the brand values, it allows company to increase its brands performance which will result to an increase in revenue, larger market share and higher profits. Wood (2000) indicates that by using brand value as a performance measure, it creates a long term focus of the company. Research findings indicate that consumer buying behaviour is based on perception on a brand name (Gabay et al., 2009). Therefore, brand is seen as a contract with the consumers that reduce uncertainty which allows consumers to purchase uncertainty reduction or trust that leads to the increase of value (www.sdrnet.com,2010). Meanwhile according to Oslon (2008), brand creates value by generating demand and reducing risk through securing future earnings for the business which will result to creation of value for companies to its brands. Penrose and Moorhouse (1989) suggest that one important factor determining the value of the brand is its profitability. By knowing the brand value, it allows the company on how is the brand performing in the market. It is related to the element of acceptability and the strength of the brand as it is link to the consumers decision in buying a product. Blackett (1991) comment that there is a relationship between a brands strength and its ability to command future income. Therefore, the stronger the brand, company would be able to predict its future income conversely the weaker the brand, the less certain is its future. This indicates that the brand value will provide a company a clear idea of profitability from its various brands. A research was done against the most expensive leading global products and the findings indicate that each brand invest time and energy to manage its brand accordingly (Gabay et al., 2009). This shows an indication on how companies foresee the importance of b rand value. With a good brand, consumers will be prepared to pay a premium for the products and leads to a brand loyalty which will have value if the brand was ever sold. Research conducted earlier has found a relationship between sales and brand value (Gabay et al., 2009). Moreover, one of the factors determining the brand value is the strong brand acceptance in the market which is dependent on consumers. Research indicates that brand has the power to attract consumers and provide a guarantee of sales through premium price that provide a higher margin from the sale of the products (Blackett, 1991). Another research has found that there is strong correlation between strong brand value and its benefits of pricing, customer loyalty, market leadership and overall financial performance (Leiser, 2004). Moreover, Leiser (2004) and Davis (2002) also point out that there is relationship between customer loyalty with brand value and profitability as findings from a research indicate that 5% increase in customer loyalty could elevate profits by as much as 100%. Meanwhile, based on a study conducted in the hotel industry, it suggest a positive correlation between brand value and a firms performance in terms of profits and long-term cashflows (Kim, Kim and An, 2003). Based on the above, it can be summarise that there is relationship between brand and financial performance. 1.3 What would expect to discover For a product to be successful, it must have a good brand name. Once this has been establish in the market, it creates a powerful and lasting connection between consumers that leads to a positive effect of the product and simultaneously has an effect to the companys sales performance. Sales figure meanwhile definitely have several attributes to the company such as gaining market share and acceptability in the market. As a result of a positive trend in the sales figures, it helps the company to build its brand value in the market. Brands with high values are related to strong market share as it allows the company to bargain more effectively in terms of pricing and quality. Moreover, with the high market share, the brands have an advantage in economy of scales that leads to high sales figures. However in the year 2008, a number of discounted retailers entered the UK grocery market with their home brand at a low cost price. With the effect from the economic crisis, consumers buying trend has slightly shifted from high value brands to home brands which have low brand values. Although the current economy condition does have an impact across the sector, especially in the growth of own-label products, premium brands have still continue to perform well. From this report, it would like to see the relationship between sales and brand values as it is interrelated wherein with high brand value; the product has a control in the market and will lead to better sales in the future. 2.0 Description of data For the purpose of this report, the dependent and independent variables are sales and brand value respectively. Details of the data are attached in Appendix 1. The data is based on the top 100 grocery brands in the United Kingdom (UK) for the year 2008. However, for the purpose of this report, only top 78 grocery brands are used as the sample size due to lack of information of certain brands. The histograms for each variable are given in figure 1 and 2 respectively. The histogram for sales and brand value indicate that the most recorded value is  £168.7 million and  £174.07 million respectively. Meanwhile, the mean values are  £162 million and  £152.04 million for sales and brand value respectively. Based on the median for sale of  £162 million, the 95% confidence interval is between  £135 million to  £188 million while brand value is between  £121 million and  £184 million. It was noted that the distribution for both variables are positively skewed of which the lon g tail in on the right. Figure 1: Histogram for sales Figure 2: Histogram for brand value Figure 3: Normal distribution for sales The inference about the population mean is based on the following computation: 95% confidence interval = 162  ± (1.96 x 127) = (-86.92 to 410.92) Therefore, it believes that the population mean lies between - £86.92 million and 410.92 million. There is a 95% chance that this is true. 2.1 Source of data The brand value data was extracted from the report titled The UKs most valuable grocery brand 2008 prepared by www.intangible bussines.com. Meanwhile, the data for the sales value was obtained from the market research company, The Nielsen Company (2008) of which the data was recorded via checkout scanners at all major grocery chains totalling about 74,000 in the UK. The calculation of the brand value is computed based on its forecast sales, royalty and discount rate. Brand value Components: Sum of future royalty income Testing and benchmarking Discounted Components: Risk analysis Tax deduction Royalty rate Components Brand strength Royalty rate range Future sales Components: Historical sales Adjusted Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) X , = Source: The top 100 grocery brands in the UK The future sale is based on the adjusted Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) to reflect the brands long term ability for growth. The royalty rate is based on scoring of measurements i.e. preference, relevancy, heritage, perception and awareness that resulted to the brand strength for each brand. Meanwhile, discounted rate is computed by multiplying the royalty rate and reduced at the relevant tax rate. The discount rate reflects the time value and risk assessment based on 9% with the basis of the brands existence in a stable economic environment. Finally, results are tested and verified by to ensure the correct figures are used for the ranking purposes to avoid biasness. 3.0 Analysis 3.1 Scattergram and Correlation Before proceeding with the correlation between the two variables i.e. sales and brand value, a scattergram was applied to explore the relationship between the said variables. Scattergram is used as a preliminary step in investigating the existence of a relationship between two variables. In figure 4, the variables indicate a linear positive relationship which is suitable for the correlation analysis. Based on the said scattergram, it was observed that there are two values which are higher than the other values. After checking the values, it was discovered that the said variables have a very high value in sales compared to other brands. The main reason is because the two brands have a strong brand identity in the global market and is one of most respected brands in the market. Moreover, the small sample size might contribute to the finding of a number of outlying residuals. In considering the outliers, it was decided to maintain the variables as it does not have much impact to the r v alue if the same are removed. r= 0.948 Figure 4: Scattergrams and value of r In order to provide a precise measurement of the degree of correlation, the correlation coefficient is used to produce a mathematical measurement (Cohen and Holliday, 1996:80). The correlation analysis is applied to check the quantifiable relationship between two variables in terms of both the strength and direction. Based on figure 4 above, there is a large correlation i.e.0.95 between the two variables (above 0.5) which indicate a quite strong relationship between sales and brand value. Therefore, this result is interpreted in the manner that the amount of sale directly affects the brand value wherein the more sales take place, the higher the brand value. In order to decide the amount of association between the two variables justifies the sales to brand value, hypothesis testing is conducted. Null hypothesis Ho: p= 0, there is no association between sales and brand value. Alternative hypothesis H1=p≠ 0. There is an association between sales and brand value. Critical value: 5% (87-2) = 0.183 Test statistics = 0.948 The test statistics exceeds the critical value and therefore to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is significant association between sales and brand value. Inference about the population value of the correlation coefficient based on the sample is calculated using the FISHER function in EXCEL which is as follows: w= FISHER (0.95) = 1.83 (the mean for the normal distribution) the standard deviation is 1/ = 0.11 The 95% confidence interval for w is 1.83  ± (1.96 x 0.11) = 1.62 to 2.05 By using the FISHERINV formula in Excel, the 95% confidence interval for the population correlation is from 0.92 to 0.97. The narrow confidence interval indicates that adequate sample size is used for the correlation and the variables have a reasonable control in detecting the estimate of the effect. 3.2 Regression analysis Regression analysis is a technique used in analysing variables which focus on the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables. It will assist in understanding how a change in the value of the dependant variable has a direct effect to the independent variables. Clearly, the said analysis could be used to infer causal relationship between independent and dependant variables. Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.948091 R Square 0.898876 Adjusted R Square 0.897687 Standard Error 40.49166 Observations 87 Figure 5: Regression model and statistics A simple linear regression was performed on the 87 sample size to determine if there is a significant relationship between sales and brand value. Based on the regression statistic in figure 5, the Multiple R value is 0.95 and the R square is 0.89 or 89% which both indicate a liner model wherein the two predictors fits the data well and the confidence interval for the slope is wholly positive. R2 tells that 89% of the variation in the sales in associated with variations in the brand value. ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 1238788 1238788 755.5547 4.62162E-44 Residual 85 139363.8 1639.575 Total 86 1378152 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Intercept 38.81685 6.231001 6.229634 1.72E-08 26.42795 51.20575 Brand value 0.806217 0.02933 27.48735 4.62E-44 0.747901 0.864534 Figure 6:Regression statistic summary output With reference to figure 6 above, the intercept is given as 38.816 and the coefficient of brand value is 0.806. From this figures, the regression equation is constructed as y=38.817 + 0.806x. A significance relationship indicates that an increase in sales will have an effect to the brand value to increase between 0.75 to 0.86. The significance of the coefficients is indicated by the p-values. In figure 6, the p-value for brand value is 4.62E-44 (very small value), indicating that this variable in the population is very unlikely to be zero as the smaller the p-value, the greater significance it has. Based on the ANOVA results, the figure headed Significance F could also be used to assess the overall strength of the linear regression equation. From the regression statistic output, the value for the Significance F is 4.62162E-44 (very small value), so it can be concluded that there is a highly significant linear relationship between sales and brand value. Overall, it appears that there is a strong relationship between sales and brand value and the equation could reasonably be used to obtain predictions for sales in other brands given information about brand value. Based on the analysis above, it was noted that there is significance positive correlation between sales and brand value. It is recognised that there are four different reasons for the relationship to exist: sales indeed cause brand value. If sales increase certainly the reason is because consumers purchase more on the brand which leads to a good brand name and image. Thus, it increases the brand value. however, the results might be just a chance as it is based on sampling. If more observations and sample of the population are correctly and repeatedly done, there is tendency for the correlation becomes very unlikely (the more the test is conducted, the less likely that the results occur by chance). there may be some other factor which was not taken into consideration which produces the variation between sales and brand value and which might be the real cause of the correlation. there might be a causal connection that represents the effect of the correlation but might have put it in the other way round. It can be concluded from the high correlation between sales and brand value based on consumers purchasing power which causes the increase in sales. However, it might be the case that sales are caused by something else such as current economic condition and lifestyle. 4.0 Conclusion Prior to discussing the findings in detail and highlighting its contribution to the current literature and marketing practices, it is essential to provide an overview of this report and summing-up the findings. In summary the aim of the report is to test the relationship between sales and brand value. Based on the analysis conducted above in section 3.0, it is noted that sales have a positive effect on brand value. There is a strong relationship between sales and brand value. This is supported from the finding of Kim, Kim and An (2003) which indicate a positive correlation between brand value and a firms performance in terms of profits and long-term cashflows. Both variables complement each other to ensure the profitability of the company. Brand has always been an important identification in differentiating its products with its customers. Indeed brands with high brand value have established its existence in the market by anchoring a large sum of market share. Moreover, companies have identified the importance of the brand value and several steps have been taken up to ensure that the company will continue to perform better in its financial performance. Customers perception on a brand is related to the brand value computation as it contributes in terms of loyalty. If consumers are happy and satisfied with the product, eventually it built loyalty by consumer to the product itself. Clear example is the Coca-Cola brand, which is a global brand that is accepted by most of the consumers and this has lead to the contribution to the high brand value. It was reported that the sales of Coca-Cola has increased tremendously as it has manage to build a good brand image among its target market as well as a good positioning in the usage in sports and family gathering (www.businessihub.com). This is consistent with Leiser (2004) and Davis (2002) findings which indicate that 5% increase in customer loyalty will elevate profits of the company to the extent of 100%. According to Blackett (1991), there is a relationship between a brands strength and its ability to command future income. Based on the analysis conducted, the strong relationship between sales and brand value indicates the contribution in the aspect of companys financial performance. Therefore, companies is required to provide a wealth of information in regards to its brand value which as a result will enhance and improve both in terms of brands name and business performance. Based on the findings, companies should stimulate sales by means of promotion and advertisement. Current business environment is characterized by stiff competition and in order to survive a company has to have a well planned strategy to compete in the market. However based on the result obtained, it is not sufficient to focus only on these two variables to determine the companys performance especially when brands are supposed to last forever (Esch et al., 2006). For the long term prospect of the brand value, other variables such as brand trust and satisfaction do act as factors driving to consumer buying behavior. Therefore, continuous analyzing different indicators that have an impact to the business in some way can assist companies to interpret the result and make corresponding decision. Despite the above observation, it is hoped that the findings of the analysis could create greater interest in the subject and hopefully engender further in dept analysis which could contribute further understanding to the readers. 5.0 Reflection The analysis done through correlation and regression is able to assist company to engage into forecasting. For instance, a company introduces a new brand in the market and within the next few months its sales has increase tremendously as well as the income. By undertaking further research on how to sustain its sales, the correlation and regression analysis will assists in building up a model that can help the company to forecast its future income. Indeed, correlation is an important tool of statistics which can be used in the business decision making. It is vital to gasp the point of the correlation as even though there is strong correlation, it does not provide an immediate conclusion on the causation as it could indicate a relationship that is based on cause and effect (Taylor, 2007). For this particular example, a high correlation was seen between sales and brand value and some prediction could be made based on the factors such market share but it should be aware that the correlation itself has no proof of these assertions. As a result, correlation could not be solely used as a proof of causation. Some other statistical test should be used to support the result of the correlation. For example, if sales caused brand value, then it seen that there is correlation between the two variables as any changes in sales will cause changes in brand value. The reverse, it is not necessarily true because if sales and brand value is correlated, it could not automatically assume that sales is the cause of brand value. Linear regression using one independent variable i.e. brand value might not reflect the accurate result of the prediction for dependent variable i.e. sales. Therefore, multiple linear regressions with the use of additional independent variables could help better in explaining or predicting the dependent variables. In addition to this, the sample size used in this study only represents part of the entire population that could lead to bias and generalisbility (Saunders et al., 2007). Therefore the outcome obtained from the study may not reflect the whole population as whole and further analysis of the general population would be of value. Analysis of the population of other brands from different industry can be done to confirm, compare and expand on the results obtained earlier.

Does America Need a National ID Card System? :: Essays Papers

Does America Need a National ID Card System? Introduction The recent terrorist attacks made it very clear that we need to do something to help make our country safe and protect our residents from those who want to bring harm and ruin. Many want to invoke a national ID card system, thinking that the ID card will provide us the security that we are looking for. But, is that really the solution? We need to understand what is wrong with the current systems that are in place now. We will examine what is required to get this system up and running and what is involved in making the system secure and safe. Lastly, in conclusion, we need to be clear on what direction we need to take to bring about a secure nation. Problems with Current Systems In Place The most notorious incident displaying where our country is lacking in security was the terrorist attack of September 11. Robert O'Harrow Jr. and Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post wrote, "five of the 19 terrorists involved in the attacks on New York and at the Pentagon were able to obtain Social Security numbers, even with false identities. The other 14 probably made up or appropriated other numbers and used them for false identification, according to Social Security officials. At least seven of the hijackers also obtained Virginia state ID cards, which would serve as identification to board a plane, even though they lived in Maryland motels." 1.1 The concern citizens of our country have is illustrated in this comment by Kimberly Warhoe posted in a forum on "National ID Cards". "The system in place now is in terrible shape. We truly need something more secure, something that can protect innocent people. Yes, we may lose some of our privacy, but we may gain a more secure nation. " 1-2.1 This terrible act of terrorism made it very clear that we need a way to know if a person is who he says he is. We need a way to be able to "verify and identity those applying for licenses and authenticating documents used to obtain licenses," as stated by William Welsh in Washington Technology. 2.1 Another important factor to consider is that any technical system that is implemented will always have human interaction, these will be the people who interact with the data and the system.

Audit and Assurance

BA (HONS) ACCOUNTING & FINANCE BA (HONS) PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANCY COURSE YEAR 3 AUDIT & ASSURANCE 1 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT BRIEF HAND OUT DATE:5th October 2011 HAND IN DATE: INSTRUCTIONS FOR COURSEWORK You are required to research and prepare a report based on one of the following topics. Please seek the assistance of the module leader Ivor Pingue and your seminar tutors for help and guidance with your coursework. Do not leave the research too late!! The word limit for the report is a minimum of 3,500 (+10%) words. maximum word count can be + 10% (Note: reports submitted with less than 3,500 words will be rejected and given a mark of zero !! ). Reports must indicate the word count and any report that does not include this will be rejected. All reports must be properly referenced and also be submitted with a TURNITIN report. NOTE that high similarity reports could be subject to further investigation which might lead to a charge of academic misconduct for plagiarism. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN In addition to the written report, you are to prepare a separate individual personal development statement in accordance with the attached brief. This individual submission is to be handed in for the attention of Peter Blowes. The personal development statement will contribute up to 10% of your overall mark for the unit. TOPIC 1 Given the recent banking crisis and the current volatility of the financial markets, some commentators have suggested that the current audit model is not fit for purpose and should be changed to reflect the current business practices and models particularly relating to risk and risk assessment. REQUIRED Critically evaluate this statement and consider whether in your view, the current risk based approach to auditing should be amended and if so, what model should be adopted. (NOTE: YOU DO NOT HAVE TO RESTRICT YOUR RESEARCH TO THE UK). TOPIC 2 External auditing has changed to accommodate the changes in corporate governance in the UK and other countries such as South Africa, Australia, US, India and China REQUIRED Using a country or countries of your choice, research and prepare a report to critically evaluate the above statement. TOPIC 3 With the current emphasis on carbon emissions and damage to the environment that businesses cause and an awareness of social issues, the role of auditors in providing social and environmental assurance engagements is likely to increase as we enter into the 21st Century. REQUIRED Research and explain the growth and development of social and environmental auditing in both the UK and a country of your choice. Explain whether you agree or disagree with the statement made. (NOTE: make sure that your research supports and is evidenced by any assertions that you make !! TOPIC 4 Auditors are not only engaged in performing statutory audits but can provide assurance reports to a number of entities both incorporated and unincorporated. Also, auditors can help reduce the incidence of fraud within a business. REQUIRED Write a report suggesting ways that an assurance engagement can be useful to various forms of businesses including the use of forensic auditing services. Also, do you agree that an assurance service can reduce the incidence of fraud? How and why do you arrive at your view? TOPIC 5 There have been a number of reports by the Audit Inspection Unit examining, amongst other things, audit quality and audit compliance reviews (ACR’s) REQUIRED Research the reports that have been produced in the UK that have considered audit quality and critically appraise them. In your report, you should make clear why you consider audit quality to be an important aspect of both the external and internal audit process. Your report should also consider how an audit firm can perform an effective audit compliance review (ACR). TOPIC 6 Given the behaviour of the audit firm Arthur Andersen in the Enron debacle, it could be argued that auditors are never truly independent of their clients and cannot be properly ethical in relation to their dealings with them for a variety of reasons, one of which being fees. REQUIRED Critically appraise the above statement by examining the relationship of the auditor to Enron. You should also consider how governments and the auditing professions in the US and UK have dealt with the issue of auditors independence and ethics. Have they gone far enough in providing public confidence in this area? What suggestions would you make to improve the position? TOPIC 7 The question of competition within the audit market is a ‘hot topic’ particularly for the middle tier and lower tier audit firms who have argued for some time that there is an unfair dominance of big ‘4’ audit firms in relation to FTSE 100 companies. REQUIRED Consider whether in your view the mid and lower tier audit firms have a fair argument in terms of the dominance of the big ‘4’ audit firms in relation to the FTSE companies. What can be done to address this issue to ensure fair competition in the audit market ? Can governments do more in this regard? (NOTE: Consider the current debate relating to this as well as the relevant reports). TOPIC 8 Examine articles within the following auditing journals: Auditing: A Journal Of Practice & Theory International Journal of Auditing Take a period of 36 months and selecting a theme that has been examined within these journals, write a report showing how it has been considered in these journals. Within your answer, state whether in your opinion, the matter has been satisfactorily resolved or whether further research and examination is required. MODULE LEADER

Good Governance Essays

Good Governance Essays Good Governance Essay Good Governance Essay Governance is defined here; as the dynamic interaction between people, structures, processes and traditions that support the exercise of legitimate authority in provision of sound leadership, direction, oversight, and control of an entity in order to ensure that its purpose is achieved, and that there is proper accounting for the conduct of its affairs, the use of its resources, and the results of its activities. Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. [1] Governance describes the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). [1] The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance [1] or to the interactions between other sectors of society. In international affairs, analysis of good governance can look at any of the following relationships:[3] between governments and markets, between governments and citizens, between governments and the private or voluntary sector, between elected officials and appointed officials, between local institutions and urban and rural dwellers, between legislature and executive branches, and between nation states and institutions. The varying types of comparisons comprising the analysis of governance in scholastic and practical discussion can cause the meaning of good governance to vary greatly from practitioner to practitioner. [3] Reform and standards : Three institutions can be reformed to promote good governance: the state, the private sector and civil society. [6] However, amongst various cultures, the need and demand for reform can vary depending on the priorities of that countrys society. [7] A variety of country level initiatives and international movements put emphasis on various types of governance reform. Each movement for reform establishes criteria for what they consider good governance based on their own needs and agendas. The following are examples of good governance standards for prominent organizations in the international community. IMF The International Monetary Fund declared in 1996 that promoting good governance in all its aspects, including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption, as essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper. [8] The IMF feels that corruption within economies is caused by the ineffective governance of the economy, either too much regulation or too little regulation. [8] To receive loans from the IMF, countries must have certain good governance policies, as determined by the IMF, in place. 8] UN The United Nations emphasizes reform through human development and political institution reform. [9] According to the UN, good governance has eight characteristics. [1] Good governance is[1]: Consensus Oriented Participatory following the Rule of Law Effective and Efficient Accountable Transparent Responsive Equitable and Inclusive World Bank The World Bank is more concerned with the refor m of economic and social resource control. [9] In 1992, it underlined three aspects of society which they feel affect the nature of a countrys governance:[9] 1. ype of political regime; 2. process by which authority is exercised in the management of the economic and social resources, with a view to development; and 3. capacity of governments to formulate policies and have them effectively implemented. The concept of good governance has gained significant attention in the world and especially in Pakistan in the last decade. Since there are few theoretical studies on this issue in Pakistan, this paper analyzes the impact of some significant macroeconomic variables on good governance using time series data for empirical analysis. In this paper, democracy, economic openness, population size, peace years, unemployment, exchange rate, budget deficit, life expectancy and educational levels are considered the major macroeconomic determinants of good governance. We have employed the concept of stationarity to solve the by using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. By conducting the time series regression analysis, we found that the stated variables are affecting the degree of good governance according to their levels. Good governance has gained significant attention in the world especially in the last decade. In recent years, good governance has attracted the attention of economists, political scientists, lawyers, politicians, national institutions, and institutions of World Bank and IMF. Since some empirical and theoretical controversies have been found on the concept and importance of good governance but it can be considered as a prerequisite for economic growth and development (Kaufmann and Kraay, 2002 and 2003). Governance can also be seen as the instrument of the effectiveness of a society’s institutions. If the institutions are appropriate and effective, the outcome should be good governance (Duncan 2003). Governance is the instrument of political, economic and administrative authorities to manage a nations affairs. It is the diverse mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions through which residents of country and groups communicative their benefits, exercise their rights and obligations and arbitrate their differences. In good governance countries, the working condition is generally more favourable for providing protection and guarantees for investors. Good governance is therefore a compartment of governance, wherein public capital and problems are managed effectively, efficiently and in response to vital needs of society. Effective elected forms of governance rely on public participation, accountability and transparency. There is an increasing amount of research on the factors that lead to good or bad governance in the world. Good governance creates a good environment for investment, including investment in people, and leads to higher income, reduces poverty, and provides better social indicators. According to UNDP, governance can be worked out as economic, political and administrative authorities to manage a countrys affairs at all levels. It joints the systems, processes and institutions, through which residents and groups articulate their interests, put into affect their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences. More modern studies have pointed out that face-to-face interactions, trust and partnership within voluntary associations enhance the capacity of people to work together. By helping residents to overcome combined action problems, trust and membership in voluntary associations are recognized as important factors in building the basis for responsive governance (Putnam 1993, 2000). World Bank has described the concept of good governance in various dimensions such as rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality and control of corruption. These dimensions cover the whole society and economic sectors of the economies. As a matter of fact, this study will locate the variables that have more effect on these dimensions. Governance has engaged all concerns of society and economic operators for economic development but it is also considered as a fundamental element to be incorporated in the development strategy. Nonetheless, having its importance, differences also exist in respect of hypothetical formulations, policy prescriptions and conceptualization of the subject itself. Researchers have different ideology convictions due to which its formulation differs in different areas. Policy analysis stand empirically on the historical research of governance gives distinction to government failures to deliver, leading to propositions for downsizing or rightsizing, while policy prescriptions for good governance take an evolutionary observation of the matter questioning relevance of public sector management of certain activities in a changed context. Good governance is the term that symbolizes the paradigm shift of the role of governments. Unfortunately, this wide reaching and internationally imperative claim have not been sufficiently proved empirically in Pakistan. To fill this gap in the literature, this study aims to analyze the determinants of good governance in Pakistan. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this analysis is given as follows: â€Å"how do higher levels of social and economic variables in Pakistan contribute to better governance. † Since the major objective of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the good governance in Pakistan, the paper is organised as follows. Section II explores the conceptual and theoretical framework of good governance. Section III presents the brief literature review on good governance. Data and methodological issues are addressed in section IV. Section V presents the results of an econometric model and discussion. Conclusion and policy implications are given in the last section. II. Conceptual Framework of Good Governance From 1990s, the idea of good governance as an instrument for sustained development and poverty alleviation has gained widespread acknowledgment, especially among international organizations. Local concerns over what would later be labelled good governance had long been represent in all regions of the world. However, during the Cold War, much importance was not given to good governance but after it when structural adjustment programme was failed to overcome the economicproblems of many countries and objectives were not achieved then the need of good governance was realized to implement these policies. This problem was faced mostly in developing countries where policies were effectively prepared but not implemented properly due to bad governance. Good governance is also pointed out as one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), an agenda for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. At the Sixth Session of the Committee on Development Policy (CDP), promise to good governance and how to improve the progress were one of the agenda. Governance has been defined as the organization of society by the people, or as the use of authority to manage a countrys affairs and assets. It has to be noted, however, that there has hardly been consented as to its foundation meanings, and as to how it could be implemented in practice. Less clarity in the meanings of the term governance becomes noticeable when its historical evolution is considered. The concept achieved distinction in donor discourse around 1990, after the end of the Cold War. The World Bank was the first donor institution to implement the concept of good governance as a condition for lending to developing countries. In the start, centre of attention was rather political and on the improvement in the quality of public sector institutions. By the mid-1990s, international donors thinking of good governance had extended to include the concept of transparency, accountability, and participation. This addition was due to financial crises started in the last of 1990s, and for improvement of governance and stability of international financial institutions. Good governance can be identified with the following features: i. Good governance is mutually supportive and cooperative relationships between government, society, and the private sector. The nature of relationships among these three characters, and the need to make stronger viable system to facilitate interactions,assume critical importance. ii. Good governance is defined as control of all, or some combination of, the following elements: contribution, transparency of decision-making, accountability, rule of law, predictability. iii. Good governance is normative in origin. The values that provide the foundation for governance are the values postulated by the defining characters and institutions. This last point needs special consideration and attention. If donor-conceptualized standard of good governance were insisted upon, it would imply an insistence that Western-derived standards of manner be adopted in non-Western cultural environment. Scholars have also raised the problem of possible contradictions and trade-offs among the elements, for instance, economic growth, labour conditions, civil liberties, and the protection of the environment. The standards of good governance applied on the national, global and corporate environments would serve the goals of poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

Writing an Inquiry Response Business Letter

Writing an Inquiry Response Business Letter This guide to responding to inquiry letters is written especially for English language learners. It covers standard structure and phrases used in responses. Inquiries arrive in order to ask for more information about a product or a service. The speed with which you reply, as well as how helpful you are in providing information requested will ensure that your inquiry response is successful. It is very important to make a good impression when responding to inquiries from potential customers. Of course, the best impression will be made by providing the materials or information that the prospective client has asked for, this positive impression will be improved by a well-written response. Business Letter Basics The  basics of business letter writing  are similar for each type of business letter. Remember to place your or your companys address at the top of the letter (or use your companys letterhead), followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right. You can also include a reference number for correspondence. For further types of business letters, use this guide to different types of business letters to refine your skills for specific business purposes such as making inquiries, adjusting claims, writing cover letters, and more. Important Language to Remember The StartDear Mr, Ms (Mrs, Miss- its very important to use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs or Miss)Thanking the Potential Customer for His/Her InterestThank you for your letter of... inquiring (asking for information) about...We would like to thank you for your letter of... inquiring (asking for information) about...Providing Requested MaterialsWe are pleased to enclose...Enclosed you will find...We enclose...Providing Additional InformationWe would also like to inform you...Regarding your question about...In answer to your question (inquiry) about...Closing a Letter Hoping for Future BusinessWe look forward to... hearing from you / receiving your order / welcoming you as our client (customer).SignatureYours sincerely (remember use Yours faithfully when you dont know the name of the person you are writing and Yours sincerely when you do. Example Jackson Brothers3487 23rd StreetNew York, NY 12009Kenneth BeareAdministrative DirectorEnglish Learners Company2520 Visita AvenueOlympia, WA 98501September 12, 2000Dear Mr. BeareThank you for your inquiry of 12 September asking for the latest edition of our catalog.We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure. We would also like to inform you that it is possible to make purchases online at jacksonbros.com.We look forward to welcoming you as our customer.Yours sincerely(Signature)Dennis JacksonMarketing DirectorJackson Brothers

Is Boxing Safe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Boxing Safe - Essay Example Specifically, brain injury will be examined, as this is one of the largest concerns surrounding boxing as a consequence of the repeated blows which the combatants take to the head. Injury is a common and accepted component of boxing. Certainly, it seems logical that a sport that involves a physical contest between two people would result in injuries on both sides. One study estimated that the rate of physical injury was around 17.1 per 100 matches. Of these, 51% were facial lacerations, with the remainder including hand, eye and nose injury . An article in 2010 highlighted the potential for injury within boxing and there is debate about whether boxing should remain an Olympic sport. However, this debate is by no means new, although rules and equipment has changed much since the inception of the sport. . The sport involves substantial physical contact between two individuals. The contact can often be bloody and violent, and there is significant concern by researchers, neurologists, ad vocates and other parties that the sport is dangerous and can result in permanent damage to the brain. The outcome of this debate is substantially different depending on whether amateur or professional boxing is considered. In amateur boxing, the risk of injury is significantly reduced by the use of rules and equipment. Conversely, in professional boxing the risk is much higher. ... Many neurologists consider that the sport puts the brain at such risk that it should be banned . A distinction needs to be made between amateur and professional boxing. The rules and equipment used in amateur boxing have been designed to decrease the chance of serious injury. They fight less rounds, normally three or four per fight rather as opposed to the 12 round fights that are often present in the professional leagues. Furthermore, the rounds which amateurs fight are shorter than professional boxers lasting two minutes instead of three. This adds up to a significant different in time spent in the ring. Headgear is worn that protects much of the face in order to decrease the risk of injury. Finally, a medical examination is required before any boxer enters a bout so that any problems can be detected early. Many studies have examined the effect that amateur boxing has on neurological activity. One study examined three groups of men, one group that were field and track athletes, one group that were soccer players and the third that were former amateur boxers. No signs of serious brain damage were detected in any of the groups . A review of observational studies that had been conducted between 1950 and the present was examined, the authors found that in less than a quarter of the studies there was evidence of chronic brain injuries, and these were mostly small. The authors concluded that there was no strong evidence supporting amateur boxing causing chronic traumatic brain injury . However, this is not the case in professional boxing. While the studies above indicate that chronic traumatic brain injury does occur in amateur boxing, the rate is much lower than for professional boxers . Studies have shown that chronic

Method and Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Method and Results - Essay Example The responses were coded and tabulated. SPSS software was used to store the data ready for analysis. The software could allow correlation of both the categorical and non-categorical variables. Consequently, it was possible for the management team of the Arizona University to find out how different factors related to the students influence the students performance (Creswell, 2008). Participants for the study were SOC 390 and SOC 391/FAS 361 students from Arizona State University. Out of the 180 students enrolled in the survey, only 166 students took part. The demographic questions of participant’s study time, alcohol intake were used in the analysis as independent variables. The amount of time the student spends studying for a typical class each week, which was measured in hours. The dependent variable was a measure of the student’s current GPA. The alcohol use was measured in terms of ratio whereas the GPA was measured in interval level of measurement whereas the time spend studying was measured in ratio (Patton, 2002). The study was based on a hypothesis that there is a positive correlation with studying and a higher GPA while there is a negative correlation with alcohol and students’ GPA. The data was analyzed using regression analysis in order to determine whether the GPA is dependent upon the study time and drinking of alcohol (McSpirit & Jones, 1999). This analysis was performed in order to determine the effects of the study time and alcohol drinking on the GPA. All of the 166 respondents provided answers in each category. The average GPA of student’s respondents was 3.2772 and the standard deviation was 0.51627. The mean of study time and alcohol consumption was 5.70 and 4.671 respectively whereas the standard deviation was 4.670 and 5.8437 respectively. Descriptive analysis was done to show more information on aspects such as variance, skewness, Kurtosis, standard